• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2018

Previous studies have suggested that Citrus fruits might suppress the proliferation of various cancer cells. However, little is known about any specific ingredients in the extract of Citrus fruits to exert its anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. The present study aimed to identify the active ingredients in Citrus fruits to suppress the proliferation of rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Among tested compounds, two polymethoxylated flavones (nobiletin and tangeritin) showed significant anti-proliferative activity whereas other compounds (synephrine, rutin, hesperidin) did not. Interestingly, nobiletin as well as tangeritin also decreased the protein amount of gluconeogenic enzymes, PEPCK and G6Pase. The possible involvement of gluconeogenic activity in the proliferation of hepatocellulacarcinoma cells are further to be investigated.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 1999

A total of 65 isolates of Penicillium were isolated from decayed post-harvest fruits of apple pear citrus and grape. The Penicillium species isolated from the apple were idnetified as P. aurantiogriseum and P. expansum those from the pear were P. crustosum and P. expansum and those from the grape were P. aurantiogriseum and P. expansum, From decayed citrus fruits. P. digitatum and P. italicum were isolated. Citrinin and patulin from these species in the YES(yeast extract sucrose) broth were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) Among 51 isolates of Penicillium from apple pear and grape 7 isolates produced citrinin 13 isolates produces patulin and 12 isolates produced citrinin and patulin also. All 14 isolates of Penicillium from citrus produced only patulin.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2021

Objective : This study was designed to investigate effect of immature fruits from Citrus unshiu Markovich to mature them on antioxidative and antiaging-related enzyme activities in vitro. Methods : Fruits from Open field-cultivated C. unshiu Markovich (ripe and unripe fruits of Citri) made a purchase in Jeju island. We measured total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in mature C. unshiu Markovich (MC) and immature C. unshiu Markovich (IMC) 70% ethanol extract. DPPH free radical, ABTS radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities in both extracts were determined. Also, reducing power, SOD-like activities, elastase inhibition, and collagenase inhibition activities of these extract were assayed at 5, 1, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/㎖. Results : The total polyphenol contents in the ethanol extract of IMC were higher than those of MC (26.99 ± 0.89 mg/TAEg). And total flavonoid contents in them were very similar to both extract (MC; 7.25 ± 0.4 mg/RUEg and IMC; 7.44 ± 0.18 mg/RUEg). DPPH free radical scavenging activities, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, and SOD-like activities of IMC-treated group showed significant increase compared to those of MC group in all treated concentrations. Particularly, DPPH free radical scavenging and elastase inhibition activities in IMC-treated group at 5 mg/㎖ showed similar with positive control group. Besides, IMC extract at 5 mg/㎖ concentration surpassed positive control (BHA or Vit. C) in SOD-like activities and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. Conclusion : These results suggest that IMC ethanol extract may be used as a natural antioxidant and a antiaging material for development of functional foods and cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 1999

A multiresidue analytical method was developed for eight acaricides including benzoximate, clofentezine, fenazaquin, fenothiocarb, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, pyridaben, and tebufenpyrad in four major fruits using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All the confounds were extracted with acetone from apple, pear, grape, and citrus samples. The extract was diluted with saline water, and n-heaxane partition was followed to recover the acaricides. Florisil column chromatography was employed to further purify the sample extract. HPLC with ultraviolet absorption detection, using an octadecylsilyl column under the isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile/water mixture, was successfully applied to separate and quantitate all the compounds in the purified extract. Recoveries of the eight acaricides from for fortified samples ranged 86.4~97.0%. Relative standard deviations of the analytical method were all less than 10%. Detection limits of the method were in the range of 0.02~0.05 mg/kg. The proposed method was reproducible and sensitive enough to evaluate the terminal residue of the eight acaricides in the fruit harvest.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.427-436
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• 2012

Targeted therapy has been a very promising strategy of drug development research. Many molecular mechanims of diseases have been known to be regulated by abundance of proteins, such as receptors and hormones. Chemoprevention for treatment and prevention of diseases are continuously developed. Pre-clinical and clinical studies in chemoprevention field yielded many valuable data in preventing the onset of disease and suppressing the progress of their growth, making chemoprevention a challenging and a very rational strategy in future researches. Natural products being rich of flavonoids are those fruits belong to the genus citrus. Ethanolic extract of Citrus reticulata and Citrus aurantiifolia peels showed anticarcinogenic, antiproliferative, co-chemotherapeutic and estrogenic effects. Several examples of citrus flavonoids that are potential as chemotherapeutic agents are tangeretin, nobiletin, hesperetin, hesperidin, naringenin, and naringin. Those flavonoids have been shown to possess inhibition activity on certain cancer cells' growth through various mechanisms. Moreover, citrus flavonoids also perform promising effect in combination with several chemotherapeutic agents against the growth of cancer cells. Some mechanisms involved in those activities are through cell cycle modulation, antiangiogenic effect, and apoptosis induction.Previous studies showed that tangeretin suppressed the growth of T47D breast cancer cells by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. While in combination with tamoxifen, doxorubicin, and 5-FU, respectively, it was proven to be synergist on several cancer cells. Hesperidin and naringenin increased cytotoxicitity of doxorubicin on MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells. Besides, citrus flavonoids also performed estrogenic effect in vivo. One example is hesperidin having the ability to decrease the concentration of serum and hepatic lipid and reduce osteoporosis of ovariectomized rats. Those studies showed the great potential of citrus fruits as natural product to be developed as not only the source of co-chemotherapeutic agents, but also phyto-estrogens. Therefore, further study needs to be conducted to explore the potential of citrus fruits in overcoming cancer.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2005

We examined whether extracts from 14 local citrus spp. on Jeju Island (Korea) contained chemosensitizing activity that would increase the cytotoxic effect of vincristine(VCR) in drug-resistant cancer cells. We report that methanol extracts from fruits and flowers of some species had a chemosensitizing effect that reversed P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). Using drug-sensitive AML-2/WT and drug-resistant AML-2/D100 in the absence of VCR in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells we found that fruit or flower extracts alone generally had low cytotoxicity $(IC_{50}>200\;{\mu}g/ml)$. In studies examining the effect of extracts on 120 ng/ml VCR cytotoxicity in drug-resistant AML-2/D100 cells, we found that immature fruit extracts had greater chemosensitizing activity than either extracts from mature fruit or flower. Of the 14 species examined, the immature fruit extract from Inchangkyool (Citrus ichangiensis) showed the hishest chemosensitizing index(CI) valus. Immature fruit extracts of Hongkyool(C. tachibana), Byungkyool(C. platymamma), Cheongkyool(C. nippokoreana) and Jinkyool (C. sunki) also strongly potentiated VCR cytotoxicity in AML-2/D100 cells. The chemosensitizing effect of peel extracts was 2-10-fold that of whole fruit extracts from Hongkyool (C. tachibana), Byungkyool (C. platymamma) and Inchangkyool (C. inchangiensis). The CI values for flower extracts were higher than those for mature fruit extracts, but lower than those for immature fruit extracts. These results indicate that immature citrus fruits contain compounds that do not exert their activity solely through cytotoxicity. In particular, Incahngkyool (C. inchangiensis), Byungkyool(C.platymamma), Cheongkyool(C. nippokoreana) and Hongkyool (C. tahibana) may be useful sources of chemosensitizing compounds.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1553-1556
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• 2013

Flavonoids are one of the major components found in the peels of citrus fruits. Present evidence has suggested that polymethoxyflavonoids, including nobiletin and tangeretin isolated from Citrus sunki, have many biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-obesity capabilities. Here, we investigated the effect of Citrus sunki peel extract and its possible mechanisms on oxidative stress-induced MMP-1 expression, a major marker of skin photoaging. $H_2O_2$ induced MMP-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Extract of Citrus sunki peel (1-25 ${\mu}g/ml$) dose-dependently decreased MMP-1 mRNA levels. When $H_2O_2$ was combined with Citrus sunki peel extract, the phosphorylation of ERK was further decreased compared to a single treatment with $H_2O_2$ alone. Moreover, U0216, an MEK inhibitor, markedly prevented the production of MMP-1. These data suggest that Citrus sunki peel extract has demonstrated protective activity against oxidative damage on MMP-1 expression, and ERK MAP kinase may be involved.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2000

An analytical method was developed to determine abamectin and milbemectin residues in apple, pear, and citrus using HPLC with ultraviolet absorption detection. Abamectin and milbemectin were extracted with methanol from apple, pear, and citrus samples. The extract was diluted with saline water and dichloromethane partition was followed to recover the compounds from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography and aminopropyl solid-phase extraction were employed as cleanup methods to remove most of co-extractives from the sample extract. Reverse-phase HPLC using an octadecylsilyl column was successfully applied to separate and quantitate abamectin and milbemectin residues in sample extracts at the wavelength of 245 nm. Recoveries of abamectin and milbemectin from fortified samples ranged 80.4~90.3% and 90.9~96.8%, respectively. Relative standard deviations of the analytical method were less than 10% for both acaricides. Detection limit of the analytical method was 0.003 mg/kg sample for all the analytes. The proposed method was reproducible and sensitive enough to evaluate terminal residues of abamectin and milbemectin in apple, pear, and citrus.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.255-258
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of natural antimicrobials on Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Korean slaughterhouses. A mixture of 15 strains of L. monocytogenes at low (3 Log CFU/mL) or high (7 Log CFU/mL) concentration was exposed to various extracts (grapefruit seed extract, citrus fruit extract, ginger extract, pear extract, Japanese apricot concentrate, balloon flower extract, jujube extract, and omija extract) at $0.001-4.0{\mu}g/mL$. Ginger extract, pear extract, Japanese apricot concentrate, balloon flower extract, jujube extract, or omija extract showed no antimicrobial effects on high-concentration of L. monocytogenes (7 Log CFU/mL). However, grapefruit seed extract and citrus fruit extract showed antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes at 3 and 7 Log CFU/mL with MBCs of 0.001 and $0.002{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results indicate that grapefruit seed extract and citrus fruits extract can be used to control L. monocytogenes as natural antimicrobials.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2012

This study aimed to develop a new type of functional citrus beverage (Citurs-F) containing flavonoids extracted from the young fruits of satsuma mandarin ($Citrus$ $unshiu$) and matured fruits of Jeju native dangyooja ($C.$ $grandis$). We made beverages that contained 30% of satsuma mandarin extract with different percentages of concentrated dangyooja-derived flavonoid extracts. In sensory evalution, the highest response indices of color, taste and aroma were from the beverages based on the 30% young fruit extracts plus 15% (Citrus-F-15) and 20% (Citrus-F-20) flavonoids extract from the dangyooja using the KILO prep. In the changes of body weight after oral administration of the Citrus-F, the rat group with HF diet plus the Citrus-F decreased the body weight compared to the rat group fed only HF diet. This effect was to be continued for 9 weeks until the end of experiment. In the lipid content in blood, the rat group with oral administration of citrus extractions merely tended to resolve it in serum test. However, all the 0.1% Citrus-F-15 and Citrus-F-20 treated rat groups from the beginning or after 5 weeks appeared the lowest lipid contents in the blood. In the cholesterol contents, the rat group feeding the KILO-prep's extraction from the beginning weren't significantly recognized them in the group but the rat group feeding 0.1% Citrus-F-15 acted to reduce in the cholesterol contents from 5 weeks. The results indicated that the Citrus-F-15 with rich flavonoids might be main source alleviating the vascular diseases and obesity in human diet.