• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2012

Purpose : This study was investigated the effect of lower extremity muscle activity during open kinetic chain exercise (OKC) and closed kinetic exercise (CKC) in normal young adults. Methods : The participants were consisted of forty-one. All subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of open kinetic chain exercise group (n=21) and closed kinetic chain exercise group(n=20). It was perform 3 sets, 3 times per week for 6 weeks both open kinetic chain exercise group and closed kinetic chain exercise group. Subjects were assessed for each subject took pre-test, post-test in 2 weeks, post-test in 4 weeks, post-test in 6 weeks measurement the surface EMG data for vastus medialis and lateralis, lateral and medial hamstring, lateral and medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior. Results : The vastus medialis and lateralis muscle activity was significantly increased within the intervention period both group(p<.05). The lateral and medial part of hamstring muscle activity was significantly increased with in the intervention period(p<.05). The tibialis anterior muscle activity of open kinetic chain exercise group and closed kinetic chain exercise group was significantly increased in the intervention period(p<.05). The lateral and medial part of gastrocnemius muscle activity of open kinetic chain exercise group and closed kinetic chain exercise group was significantly increased with in the intervention period(p<.05). Conclusion : It was found that both open kinetic chain exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise was significantly increased muscle activity. Further studies are needed to analyzed long term effects and subjects resulting from these changed. these exercises can be selectively adapted not only as treatment exercise for patients but also as preventive exercise for normal person to improve balancing ability by conducting proper amount of exercise for each individual's condition and stage.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.2212-2220
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• 2020

Background: Repetitive damage to the ankle joint causes chronic ankle instability, and studies comparing the effects of exercise in open and closed chains as a treatment method are very rare. Objectives: To investigate the effects of open and closed kinetic exercises on muscle activity and dynamic balance of ankle joint in adults with chronic ankle instability. Design: Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: The selected 30 subjects are randomly divided into open kinetic chain exercise experimental group (EGI, n=10), closed kinetic chain exercise experimental group (EGII, n=10), and stretching control group (CG, n=10). Open and closed kinetic exercises lasted 30 minutes three times a week for six weeks and stretching exercises performed four actions for 20 seconds and five sets. The measurement tools using surface electromyography to measure muscle activity in the ankle joint. The dynamic balance of the ankle was evaluated using the Y-Balance test. Results: Following the intervention, closed and open kinetic chain exercise group showed significant difference in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle activity and dynamic balance (P<.05). However, no significant difference in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle activity and dynamic balance between closed and open kinetic chain exercise group (P<.05). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that closed and open kinetic chain exercise can be presented as an effective exercise for the muscle activity of ankle muscle and dynamic balance of the subject with chronic ankle instability.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of closed and open kinetic chain exercise for increasing knee joint function on the knee position sense in the normal adults. Thirty normal adults(male 15, female 15; mean age: $22.13{\pm}2.58$ years) were participated in this study into two groups, each with 15 people. The group I was trained that closed kinetic chain exercise on the knee joint and the group II was trained that open kinetic chain exercise on the knee joint. Exercise programs performed for 4 weeks, 3 times a week were using Shuttle 2000-1 closed kinetic chain exercise and Knee Extensor open kinetic chain exercise(HUR, Filand). The results of this study were as follows: 1) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in $0-20^{\circ}$ were found between before and after training in closed kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 2) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in $21-40^{\circ}$ were found between before and after training in closed kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 3) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in $41-60^{\circ}$ were found between before and after training in closed kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 4) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in $0-20^{\circ}$ were found between before and after training in open kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 5) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in $21-40^{\circ}$ were found between before and after training in open kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 6) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in $41-60^{\circ}$ were found between before and after training in open kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that closed and open kinetic chain exercise has increased in the knee joint proprioception between before and after training. Especially, closed kinetic chain exercise could be more useful intervention than open kinetic chain exercise for increasing proprioceptive sense.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.369-378
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of present study was to ascertain how the activity of the serratus anterior muscle, the upper trapezius muscle and the pectoral major muscle was affected while the upper arm was being flexed at 70, 90 and 110 degrees respectively in a closed kinetic chain exercise (wall push up plus) and an open kinetic chain exercise (static hug). METHODS: Sixteen healthy young men subjects participated in the study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the dominant-side muscles during a closed kinetic chain exercise and an open kinetic chain exercise. The activity of each muscle was measured quantitatively, and by the use of the two-way repeated ANOVA, the data were compared with each other according to exercises and shoulder flexion angles. RESULTS: Results indicated that the closed kinetic chain exercise did not interact with the open kinetic chain exercise (p>.05). In both the closed kinetic chain exercise and the open kinetic chain exercise, the activity of the serratus anterior muscle became different significantly according to angles (p<.05). Its activity increased in order of 70, 90 and 110 degrees (p<.05). In both exercises and all angles, muscle activity was significantly higher in the serratus anterior muscle than in the upper trapezius muscle and the pectoral major muscle (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The above results show that there is a need to selectively control the exercise stress of the serratus anterior muscle in the case of the patients with the shoulder impingement syndrome characterized by the winged scapula, insufficient scapular protraction and upward rotation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.297-310
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• 2005

Open kinetic chain exercise has lost favour in rehabilitation after cruciate ligament reconstruction due to concerns that this exercise is harmful to the graft and will be less effective in improving function. Therefore rehabilitation has focused over the past decade on closed kinetic chain exercise. Open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises were compared for their effects on proprioception, muscle strength and knee instability in the early period of cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation. The study subjects were 14 patients in 28weeks from cruciate reconstruction surgery(11 male, 3 female; mean age = 44.36 years). Closed kinetic chain exercise group used ball, balance pad and air cushion, to perform weightbearing exercises and the open kinetic chain exercise group used elastic rope and N-K table, to perform non-weightbearing exercises. Between tests, subjects trained 5 times per week for 2 weeks. Statistical analysis was by Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann Whitney U test. In result, this study shows that both open and closed kinetic chain exercise programs lead to an improved muscle strength and Lysholm score. But there was no improvement in proprioception at both exercises. Closed versus open kinetic chain exercise in early period of rehabilitation after cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery do not differ in their effects on knee proprioception, muscle strength and instability. But the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises was showed more improvement than open kinetic chain exercises between pre-post exercises. Therefore further study is required to assess effect of both groups in more long period.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

Background: Methods for exercising serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles are important for the recovery of patients with various shoulder disorders, yet the efficacy of closed or open kinetic chain exercises have not yet been evaluated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the SA and UT muscles during scapular protraction considering both closed and open kinetic chain exercises. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into experimental groups (closed kinetic chain exercise) and control groups (open kinetic chain exercise) in which scapular protraction was performed at $90^{\circ}$ or $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion. Electromyographic activity data were collected from the SA and UT muscles per position and exercise method. Results: Separate mixed 2-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the activation of the SA (F1,28=6.447, p=.017) and the UT (F1,28=35.450, p=.001) muscles between the groups at $90^{\circ}$ and $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion. Also, the SA/UT ratio measures at $90^{\circ}$ and $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion significantly differed between the groups (F1,28=15.457, p=.001). That is, the closed chain exercise was more effective than open chain exercise for strengthening the SA muscle and controlling the UT muscle, $125^{\circ}$ of shoulder joint was more effective than $90^{\circ}$. Conclusion: The findings suggest that scapular protraction with shoulder $125^{\circ}$ flexion at the closed kinetic chain exercise may be more effective in increasing SA muscle activation and decreasing UT muscle activation as well as increasing the SA/UT ratio than open kinetic chain exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects on muscle activation and ankle instability following sudden ankle inversion of the closed kinetic chain exercise using visual feedback to evaluate chronic ankle instability in adult males. METHODS: In this study, 28 subjects with chronic ankle instability were recruited and randomly divided into a closed kinetic chain exercise using a visual feedback group(n=13) and an open kinetic chain exercise group(n=15). Each group underwent 30 minutes of exercise three times a week for 8 weeks. The electromyographic(EMG) values of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were measured to analyze muscle activity. The Cumberland ankle instability tool(CAIT) was used to measure ankle instability. RESULTS: Both groups showed improvements in tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and CAIT score(p<.05). In the experimental group, there were significant improvements in the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscle activation(p<.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that closed kinetic chain exercise using visual feedback can be a useful treatment method for patients with chronic ankle instability.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.115-128
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was performed to distinguish the muscle activation of vastus medialis and biceps femoris through open and closed kinetic chain exercise. Methods : 31 healthy male and female students in Daegu Health College were participated in this study. All subjects were conducted three types open and closed kinetic chain exercises to examine muscle activity during the last four seconds using the sEMG system. Collected EMG data were normalized using the maximal voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC). Results : MVIC of each muscle was showed significantly increased(p<0.5). In the case of open chain exercise, the type 3 exercise most increased than type 2 and 3 exercise in vastus medialis than biceps femoris muscle. The closed chain exercise presented type 6 exercise most increased than type 4 and 5 exercise in biceps femoris than vastus medialis. Conclusion : This study finally proved that muscle activity which maintains stability of knee differ from depending on the types of exercises. Therefore, the combination of the two chain exercises is believed to greatly contribute to increments in muscle activity.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Background: Several studies have discussed diverse exercise methods considered to be useful for the selective contraction of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle for the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Some studies have reported that exercise methods, including hip adduction, in closed kinetic chain exercises are more effective in terms of the muscle activation of the VMO and the timing of the muscle's initial contraction. We focused on isometric contraction during a closed kinetic chain exercise with hip adduction. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine muscle activation in the VMO and the vastus lateralis (VL) and the onset time difference between their initial contractions via closed kinetic chain isometric quadriceps femoris exercises including hip adduction. Methods: In total, 36 healthy subjects adopted two hip positions during isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris in a closed kinetic chain exercise (hip neutral and hip adduction position). Statistical analyses were conducted using a paired t-test (${\alpha}=.05$). Results: Isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris in a closed kinetic chain exercise caused a greater increase in VMO muscle activity in the hip adduction position [$52.68{\pm}22.21$ percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC)]than the hip neutral position ($43.43{\pm}19.85%MVIC$). The onset time difference (VL-VMO) decreased more in the hip adduction position ($-82.14{\pm}34.2ms$) than the hip neutral position ($73.94{\pm}2.94ms$). Conclusion: We recommend this exercise as a clinically useful therapeutic method for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome due to weakening of the VMO muscle and lateral inclination of the patella.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2009

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of closed kinetic chain exercise and open kinetic chain exercise in improving the balance of patients with hemiplegia. Methods Ten patients with stroke were randomly allocated to either a closed kinetic chain exercise (CKC) group(n=5) or an open kinetic chain exercise(OKC) group(n=5). The subjects of each group followed the exercise regimen of their respective groups, and each exercise was performed for 50 mins per day, 3 days per week, for 4 weeks. Assessment was made using Berg Balance Scale (BBS), One Leg Standing(OLS) test, and Timed up and go(TUG) test. The 2 groups were assessed twice: before and after the intervention. Results The TUG test score was significantly different in the CKC group between before and after intervention (p<.05); however, there was no such deference in the OKC group (p>.05). Further, the scores of the BBS and OLS tests were not significantly different for the 2 groups between before and after intervention (p>.05). The hanges in these BBS and OLS score were not significantly different(p>.05); however, there was a significant difference in the change in the TUG scores (p<.05). Conclusion On the basis of the results of this study, we found that the closed kinetic chain exercise is more effective in improving the walking ability and dynamic balance in patients with stroke. Future studies are warranted in this regard.