• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was to investigate 1) the correlation of serum Ca, with depression and anxiety ; and 2) the effect of Ca intake on those symptoms. The subjects were three females and two males who were 53-66 years old with the severe subjective symptoms of depression and anxiety. They have taken more than twice Ca of RDA(recommended dietary allowances for Koreans) daily for 6 months(dietary treatment). The prestudy Ca intake of the subjects was low: 60% of RDA for Koreans. Their serum Ca concentration was also low: 6.67 $\pm$ 0.15mg/d1 before the dietary treatment. They expressed severs depression and anxiety, with high self scores in a psychological test. Their serum Ca concentration increased to 8.32 $\pm$ 0.17mg/dl after six months of dietary treatment, while the symptoms of depression and anxiety decreased significantly after two months and nearly disappeared after six months. This result seemed to be an effect of the dietary high Ca intake. Serum Ca and the psychological states of depression and anxiety correlated negatively, and the coefficients of determination were high in the results of linear regression analysis of depression and anxiety by serum Ca. Therefore the serum Ca concentration could be a good marker to predict depression or anxiety relatively well. The continuous high Ca intake could decrease the probability of developing depression or anxiety and mitigate their symptoms because serum Ca concentration increased, while the state of depression and anxiety decreased with the increased Ca intake.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effect of hope and depression applied on the influence of social stigma on suicidal ideation of 108 HIV infected males. Methods: This study was a descriptive, crosssectional design that used a survey approach. Data collection was one-on-one interviews by a counseling nurse from July 2012 to January 2013. The survey included questions about social stigma, hope, depression, and suicidal ideation. Results: Fitness of the hypothetical model was appropriate ($x^2/df=1.97$, TLI=.97, CFI=.98, RMSEA=.07, SRMR=.04). Social stigma had no direct effect on suicidal ideation but had a significant indirect effect on suicidal ideation via hope and depression. Hope had a mediating effect the relationship between stigma and depression but no direct effect on the relationship between stigma and suicidal ideation. Hope had an indirect effect on suicidal ideation via depression. Stigma and hope accounted for 41% of depression was where as suicidal ideation was explained 56.3% by depression, hope, and stigma. Conclusion: In order to reduce depression and suicidal ideation of HIV infected people, stigma improving strategies are required. And hope intervention for HIV infected people may decrease their suicidal ideation and depression.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.227-241
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• 2009

This study examined to find out mediating variable between ordinary stress and anxiety-depression. The subjects were 2,844 4th grade elementary school in Korea. The instruments used were questionnaires about anxiety-depression, ordinary stress, anger control ability and negative self-concept. Data were analyzed by t-test and regression. Major findings were as follows: (1) There were significant difference in parent-, appearance-, possession-related stress, anger control ability, negative self-concept and anxiety-depression according to sex. (2) Parent-, schoolwork-, peer-, appearance-related stress and anger control ability had a significant effect on the anxiety-depression. The principal finding was that anger control ability had mediating role between ordinary stress(schoolwork-, peer-, appearance-related stress) and anxiety-depression in male, one side parent-related stress and anxiety-depression in female. (3) Parent-, schoolwork-, peer-, appearance-related stress and negative self-concept had a significant effect on the anxiety-depression. The principal finding was that negative self-concept had mediating role between ordinary stress(parent-, schoolwork-, peer-, appearance-, possession-related stress) and anxiety-depression in male, one side parent-, peer-related stress and anxiety-depression in female.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.104-116
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• 1998

The paper was studied those aged of 65 years or over who were attending 11 senior citizen's centers and 4 nursing home centers for the aged during the day in Junla-buk do. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of depression and related factors by using the 20 part Zung's self-rating interview schedule. The results of the study were analized using an SAS program. Data analysis included the following : percent, average, S.D, ANOVA, T-test, Person's simple correlation, multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The mean value of depression was 45.54 out of a total of 80 and the mean depression scale was 2.28 on a Likert scale. Those over a 50 degree depression rate was 37.7%. 2. There was a significant decrease of depression when monthly pocket money increased. 3. There was a significant decrease in depression degree when they think their health is good and they have no chronic disease. 4. There was a significant decrease in depression degree when activities of daily living increased, r= -0.537 and p=0.0001. There was a significant decrease in depression degree when health promoting behavior increased, r= -0.752 and p=0.0001. 5. There was a significant decrease in depression degree when social activities increased, in meeting a relatives and attending a senior citizen's center.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2010

Purpose: The study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean Geriatric Depression Scale Informant-15 (KGDSI-15), an instrument measuring geriatric depression through their primary caregivers. Methods: The participants were 370 Korean older adults $\geqq$65-years-of-age registered in a visiting health center in S city. The Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDSSF-K) was used for comparison. Internal consistency measured tool reliability and Pearson correlation coefficient measured validity. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the clinical usability of the instrument: depression levels were classified as normal, mild depression, and severe using GDSSF-K, and the depression scores of these three groups were comparatively measured by KGDSI-15. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .831. The correlation coefficient with GDSSF-K was r=.616 (p<.001). KGDSI-15 results showed the depression level of older adults with severe depression was highest followed by those with mild depression and normal. The group differences were also statistically significant, which indicated the clinical usability of the instrument. Conclusion: KGDSI-15 is suggested to be reliable and valid to measure the geriatric depression through the primary caregivers of older adult.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2007

Objectives : The diagnosis of depression is based on a highly variable set of symptoms. Therefore, depression should not be viewed as a single disease, but a heterogenous syndrome comprised of different pathophysiologies. There are several subtypes of depression which were already incorporated in DSM-IV. This article provides a systematic review of pharmacological treatments of two recognized subtypes of depression-dysthymic disorder and atypical depression. Methods : Systematic search of relevant literatures on dysthymic disorder and atypical depression was performed by proposed search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R&D Project. All identified literatures were carefully reviewed and classified according to SIGN grading system and summarized in a narrative manner. Results : For the treatment of dysthymic disorder and atypical depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors( SSRIs) and moclobemide have more evidence than the other antidepressants. SSRIs and moclobemide showed superior tolerability than tricyclic antidepressants. Conclusions : The authors proposed treatment recommendations for dysthymic disorder and atypical depression by the methods of evidence-based medicine(EBM). However, guideline developing methods of EBM also have several inevitable limitations. Therefore, in the absence of clear and significant differences in efficacy, the choice of medication must be individualized for a particular patient based on psychiatrist's own clinical decision.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.297-305
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether subjective health and social support influence depression directly or indirectly through self-control of the physically disabled. Method: A five-item General Health Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey Questionnaire was used to measure subjective health. Social support and self-control were measured by Social Support Questionnaire 6 and Mastery Scale. The level of depression was measured by CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression). Result: The level of depression was high (M=22.23). Seventy percent of the subjects were depressed. Subjective health and satisfaction with social support influenced self-control. Subjective health influenced the level of depression directly and indirectly, but self-control influenced the level of depression only directly. Conclusion: Subjective health and satisfaction with social support influenced depression through self-control in physically disabled persons. Therefore, when we manage these subjects' depression, it is seemed that program which lowers the level of depression by assessing and correcting these factors should be prepared.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.777-786
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the influencing factors on anxiety and depression before and after prosthetic treatment in the patients. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 248 patients with tooth loss and over 20 years old. The questionnaire was carried out before and after oral examination and dental prosthetic treatment from July to December, 2013. The study instruments included Beck's anxiety inventory and self-rating depression scale by Zung. The questionnaire was adapted and modified from Kwon's anxiety inventory and Lee's depression scale. Results: While the anxiety level increased from 69.4% to 78.2% in the normal people, the depression level changed from 53.2% to 64.1% in the normal people. The gender variable had a positive effect on anxiety and depression while educational level had a negative effect on them. The dental fear was closely related to anxiety and depression before and after the prosthetic treatment. The entire body health perception showed a negative effect on anxiety and depression. The distrust towards the dentist had an influence on the anxiety and depression in the prosthetic patients. Conclusions: The influencing factors on anxiety and depression in the prosthetic patients included gender, dental fear, entire body perception, and distrust towards the dentist.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

Objectives:This study was to investigate the post-stroke depression morbidity and to evaluate the post-stroke depression in relation to activities of daily living by using BDI(Beck's Depression Inventory)and MBI(Modified Barthel Index) in 45 patients with stroke. Methods:The subjects of this study were 45 stroke patients who were admittied to the Dong-Seo oriental hospital.The post-stroke depression was determined by using the BDI and the evaluation of activities daily living was measured by using the MBICollected data analysis were completed by using correlation analysis.Results:1. The post-stroke depression morbidity was 30%.2. The post-stroke depression have no significant correlation with activities of daily living skills.Conclusions:This study shows that the post-stroke depression have no significant correlation with impairment in activities of daily living.Advanced studies are required to investigate other factors that influence post-stroke depression and post-stroke depression follow-up studies.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.184-193
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• 2008

Purpose: Anxiety and depression are the concepts that commonly used as an emotional approach in the nursing researches and most of researches have been used questionnaires as a marker of anxiety and depression. There were few researches using physiological markers in measuring anxiety and depression. Methods: Journals published between 1950 and 2007 that include depression and anxiety measuring through physiological markers were reviewed. Results: As in the case of the hypothlamus-pituitary-adrenal axis system, it appeared that cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine belonged to the category of hormones which were responsive to anxiety and depression. Plasma norepinephrine was a marker of the anxiety whereas plasma cortisol was a marker of the depression. The anxiety and depression were correlated with immune and taste, but it considered as an outcome variable not a physiological marker. Conclusion: Catecholamine and cortisol reflect anxiety and depression state. Our findings suggest that further researches are needed to distinguish between markers and outcomes of depression and anxiety using physiological markers.