• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 1994

Effects of dietary cellulose and protein levels on nutrient utilization in chickens were investigated. Four experimental diets containing 5% (low cellulose) or 20% (high cellulose) cellulose in combination with 10% (low protein) or 20% (high protein) protein of 70 g/day were alternatively forced-fed to eight colostomized White Leghorn cockerels once a day to make $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. The digestibilities of DM and energy decreased with the increase in cellulose level, but not affected by dietary protein level. Ether extract digestibility was higher in the high cellulose diets than in the low cellulose protein level. Ether extract digestibility was higher in the high cellulose diets than in the low cellulose diets. The digestibility of nitrogen free extract had the same trend with the digestibility of DM and energy. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was not so much different among the diets, but the NDF digestibility was lower in the high cellulose diets than in the low cellulose diets, due to the low hemicellulose digestibility. The true digestibility of protein was influenced by both of the dietary protein and cellulose levels, and their interaction was found. The dietary protein level affected the biological value of protein but the dietary cellulose level did not, and consequently the biological value of protein in the low protein diets was lower than in the high protein diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.10-24
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• 1977

The effects of dietary cellulose to utilize the intake nutrients in the albino rats were investigated by the two consecutive experiments in this study. The author wanted to observe the effects of the age of animals and different level of dietary cellulose, high and low in the first experiment and the effects of dietary cellulose from three different sources, rice bran, vegetable and pure-cellulose at high level in the second experiment. The results were summarized as follows. (1) The obvious effect of dietary cellulose caused to increase feces weight. Consequently apparent digestibilities of intake nutrients in the diet decreased. It was noteworthy that fecal glucose excretion was significantly affected by cellulose intake. Since three nutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate serve as energy sources in the body, this result can be interpreted to be lowered in the efficiency of energy utilization out of intake from the diet. (2) The nutrients loss due to dietary cellulose resulted in reduction of skeletal muscle and bone weights which lead eventually to affect in reduction of body weight. (3) The effects of dietary cellulose showed differently according to the amount of cellulose ingested, dietary nutrients composition, the kinds of dietary cellulose supplemented and the age of experimental animals. When the intake diet was proportionately imbalanced in three different energy sources, carbohydrate, fat and protein, the cellulose intake was adversely affected in the utilization of the nutrients in the body. Cellulose from rice bran decreased body weight gain, cellulose from vegetable maintained medium level in body weight and pure-cellulose increased body weight. Growing rats showed more sensitive effects of cellulose tolerance in the body than grown rats in every concerns of this experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.741-746
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• 1992

The effects of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% dietary cellulose levels on the nutrient utilization in chickens were investigated. Four experimental diets were alternatively given to 8 colostomized White Leghorn cockerels to make a $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. The diets of 70 g.day were force-fed once a day, and water was given freely. The digestibilities of DM and energy increased linearly with the increase in dietary cellulose level. The digestibilities of ether extract and nitrogen-free extract were not so much influenced by the dietary cellulose level. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was very low and not influenced by the dietary cellulose level. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was not different among the diets containing 5%-15% cellulose, but that of the 20% cellulose diet was diminished. This might be due to the reduction of hemicellulose digestibility. True digestibility and biological value of protein were also not influenced by the dietary cellulose level from 5% to 20%. In conclusion, no ill-effect was found even when the chicken was fed a diet containing 20% of cellulose.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the kinds and the amounts of dietary fiber on serum lipid composition in rats. Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 160$\pm$10g were fed diets containing 1.0%, 3.6%, 6.0% and 10.0% $\alpha$-cellulose, pectin and alginic acid fer 4 weeks. Daily food intake of experimental groups was significantly higher in the u-cellulose 10.0% group than in the other groups. Increasing the dietary fiber level decreased the food efficiency ratio of the $\alpha$-cellulose, pectin and alginic acid groups. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly lower in the rats fed the alginic acid diet. Serum total cholesterol concentration showed no significant difference in the kind and the amount of three dietary fibers. Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was higher in $\alpha$-cellulose and pectin diet. HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was higher in u-cellulose and pectin diet than alginic acid diet. In conclusion, alginic acid is good for the serum triglyceride decrease, pectin is good for HDL-cholesterol increase, $\alpha$-cellulose and alginic acid are good for HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio increase. But the different effects according to the dietary fiber's contents did not show a significant trend.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.863-866
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary cellulose levels on growth, nitrogen utilization, the retention time of diets in the digestive tract, and caecal microflora of 2-month-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chickens fed 3 purified diets that contained 0, 3.5% and 10% cellulose in equal amount of nutrients for 7 days. Body weight gain and nitrogen utilization were significantly higher (p<0.05), while total microflora counts in the caecal contents and retention time of the diet in the digestive tract were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the group fed 3.5% dietary cellulose compared with the group fed 10% dietary cellulose. Body weight gain, nitrogen utilization and retention time of the diet in the digestive tract decreased significantly while the total microflora count in the caecal contents increased significantly in the group fed 10% dietary cellulose compared to the group fed 0% dietary cellulose (p<0.05). Chickens fed 10% dietary cellulose had significantly increased counts of uric acid-degradative bacteria such as Peptococcaceae and Eubacterium, including Peptostreptococcus (p<0.05). The results suggest that cellulose in purified diets is an effective ingredient and the effects on growth, nitrogen utilization, caecal microflora counts and diet retention time in the digestive tract are dependent on the inclusion rate. Positive or negative effects of dietary cellulose are displayed by growth, nitrogen utilization, caecal microflora counts and retention time of the diet in the digestive tract. Positive effects were displayed when the inclusion rate is 3.5% and negative effects were displayed when that is greater than 3.5% of the diet, and the phenomenon is without reference to the age of the chickens.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 1977

The effects of dietary cellulose on the lipid metabolism in albino rats were observed, especially the effects of dietary cellulose from three different sources; cereal, vegetable and pure-cellulose. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Dietary cellulose from rice bran and vegetable resulted in lowering of reserved lipid in the body and the effect of rice bran was remarkable as compare to that of vegetable. 2. But the fatty acids composition in serum, liver, gastrocnemius, small intestine and epididymal fat pad was unchanged by dietary cellulose. This means the effect of dietary cellulose was only to change the body fat in quantify and not in quality. 3. Cellulose from rice bran increased serum cholesterol content and maintained medium level of serum total lipid. Cellulose from vegetable decreased serum total lipid and cholesterol content. Pure-cellulose decreased also serum total lipid and cholesterol content but the effect was not as low as vegetable cellulose. 4. It need to be further investigated on the different effects of cellulose from three sources on serum cholesterol content, particularly the increasing effects of rice bran.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.369-374
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• 1992

In order to determine the effect of dietary cellulose levels on chick performance, 1-week-old White Leghorn male chicks were fed semi-purified diets containing either 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% cellulose for 3 weeks. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Feed intake and body weight were increased as the cellulose level was increased. Feed conversion was lower in the 5% cellulose diet than in the other diets. Compared to the case of 10% to 20% cellulose diets, relative length (per 100 g body weight) of esophagus, duodenum, small intestine and cecum was longer, and relative weight of esophagus, duodenum and crop was also heavier in the chicks fed the 5% cellulose diet. The other internal organs were not affected by the cellulose level. The retention rates of dry matter and nitrogen were lower in the 5% cellulose group than in the other groups. Concentration of carcass phospholipids was higher in the 5% cellulose group, and that of carcass cholesterol was increased as the cellulose level increased. In conclusion, the dietary cellulose level should be more than 5% to give an adequate chick performance, and no ill effect was found even at 20% level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.210-219
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• 1997

Retarding effects of the dietary fibers from tangerine peels on glucose, bile acid and cadmium transport were evaluated by dialysis method, and were compared with those of commercial dietary fibers(citrus pection, CM-cellulose, guar gum, $\alpha$-cellulose). Yields of total (TDF), insoluble(IDF) and soluble dietary fibers(SDF) from tangerine peels on the fresh matter basis were 2.84%, 1.95% and 0.39% respectively. The amount of insoluble fibers was 5.2 times higher than that of soluble fibers. Soluble fibers(guar gum, CM-cellulose, SDF, pectin) had the retarding effect on glucose transport, while IDF, TDF and $\alpha$-cellulose did not have. Guar gum showed the greatest effect, followed by CM-cellulose, SDF and pectin. Among the extracted fibers, only SDF had the effect on glucose transport retardation. Regarding bile acid dialysis, guar gum had the greatest retarding effect, and all dietary fibers from tangerine peels, especially SDF, showed the effect of bile acid retardation. On cadmium transport retardation, CM-cellulose had the greatest effect, followed by SDF, TDF, IDF, guar gum and pectin. Among the extracted fibers, SDF had the greatest effect on Cd trasport transport retardation. The extracted dietary fibers showed higher retarding effect on Cd transport than glucose and bile acid transport, and the effect of SDF was higher than IDF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effects of dietary cellulose and protein levels on chick performance, four semi-purified diets were formulated so as to contain cellulose at levels of 5% (LC) and 20% (HC) in combination with 10% (LP) and 20% (HP) protein, and fed ad libitum to 1-week-old White Leghorn male chicks for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency between the LC-HP and HC-HP groups. All parameters were lower in the LP groups; the HC-LP group consumed very small amount of feed and lost body weight during the experiment. The retention rates of DM, ash, nitrogen and energy were higher in the HP than the LP groups. The triglyceride concentration of carcass was lower in the HC-LP group and that of liver was higher in the LC-LP group. The carcass total cholesterol level was higher in the HC-HP group. The relative weight of most digestive organs was higher in the HP group irrespective of the cellulose level. In conclusion, the chick performance was primarily influenced by dietary protein level, and when the chicks were fed inadequate levels of protein, the low cellulose level gave a better performance than the high cellulose level.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 1995

Recently, interests of dietary fiber associated with critical physiological effects have been rising in Korea physiological effect in the body. In the present study, the contents of fiber components in 15 kinds of vegetables being consumed commonly in Korea were investigated, and the effects of various treatments (cooking and Kimchi fermentation) on fiber were studied. The results are summarized as follows. Fiber contents of vegetables were 11.8∼31.9% of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), total insoluble dietary fiber, 10.9∼25.4% of acid detergent fiber(ADF), 8.8∼23.8% of cellulose, 0.6∼10.6% of hemicellulose and 1.0∼5.2% of lignin, on dry weight basis. Especially, peppers had higher contents of NDF than the other vegetables. In the vegetables used in the present study, it was found that a great portion of NDF, total insoluble dietary fiber, was composed of cellulose because cellulose covered 63% of NDF. 'Cooking increased the NDF, ADF and cellulose contents, and most change was due to the change of cellulose. The values of hemicellulose and lignin showed an Irregular pattern upon cooking. Fermentation slightly increased NDF, ADF and cellulose, while hemicellulose and lignin showed irregular pattern.