• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 1999

In this stuyd, the effect of the dominant follicle aspiration for the superovulatory response in HanWoo was investigated. The criterion for the presence or absence of a dominant follicle based on their morphological examination. The dominant follicle was aspirated 48hr before the onset of superovulation treatment by 6.5MHz convex probe connected with a carrier and superovulation induced by FSH (Super-Ov Tyrer, Texas, U.S.A) adminstered twic a day s.c. over 4 day in a decreasing regimen. From 13 HanWoo scanned daily to determine the presence and growth of the dominant follicle, its an average diameter of 15.4mm was measured and an average diameter of corpora lutea was 18.7mm on day of follicular aspiration. In the experiment, a follicular remove by ultrasound-guided aspiration, the ovarian response was significantly enhanced when animals were superovulated in the aspiation of a dominant follicle compare with animals superovulated non-aspiration of a dominat follicle. In the aspiration of a dominant follicle donors yieleded more corpora lutea(14.4$\pm$4.7 vs 8.6$\pm$3.4) and transferable embryos(8.9$\pm$4.2 vs 5.4$\pm$2.7) than control. In cows in which the dominant follicle had been aspirated under sonographical control 2 days before superovuation, the number of corpus lutea and transferable embryos were significantly enhanced compared with animals superovulated in the presence of a dominant follicle (14.4$\pm$4.7 vs 6.9$\pm$2.7, ; 8.9$\pm$4.2 vs 3.3$\pm$1.6). After 7 days of artificial insemination, the embryos at 7 days were cllected by uterine flushing after dominant follicle insemination, the embryos at 7 days were collected by uterine flushing after dominant follicle aspiration and superovulation treatment, and evaluated their quality by morphological criteria. Sixteen embryos with excellent and good grade were transferred into 8 recipient cows. Six pregnancies were identified at 60 and 120 days of gestation by rectal palpations. In conclusion, the present study showed that 1) the presence or absence of a dominant follicle signficicnatly affects superovulatory responses, and 2) ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration of the dominant follicle and superovuation treatment provides an accurate and procedure to increase ovarian responses in HanWoo.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.769-775
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• 2000

This study was investigated the ovarian response following superovulation treatment at different day of diestrus. The criterion for the presence or absence of a dominant follicle based on their morphological examination. Dominant follicle was puntured 48 hrs before the oneset of superovulation treatment by ultrasonography guided aspiration needle. Superovulation was induced by subcutaneous administration of FSH twice a day for 4 day in a decreasing regimen. There was no significant different between presence of dominont follicle and progesterone concentration/diameter of corpus luteum in HanWoo. Number of corpus luteum of donor after superovulation treatment was not significantly different in FSH administration at day 9, 11 and day 13 of estrus($14.5{\pm}4.5$, $15.5{\pm}5.6$ and $11.0{\pm}5.5$, respectively). But, the diameter of CL was significantly correlate(R2 = 0.757) with progesterone levels on day of superovulatory induction. After 7 days of artificial insemination, the embryos at 7 days were collected by uterine flushing after dominant follicle aspiration and superovulation treatment, and evaluated their quality by morphological criteria. Fifty five embryos with excellent, good and fair grade were transferred into 24 recipient cows. Seventeen offsprings, 1 of triplet, 4 of twins and 6 of singlet, were yield from 10 recipient cow. In conclusion, the present study showed that 1) dominant follicle can be determined by ultrasonography with rectal palpation by morphological evaluations, 2) superovulation response after follicular aspiration was not differ at day 9, 11 and 13 of estrus, 3) dominant follicle did not affect to progesterone concentration and diameter of CL, and 4) diameter of CL was significantly correlate to the level of progesterone concentrations in HanWoo.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 1998

Nine cows were superovulated by administration of 8 injections of Folltropin each (2.5 ml/injection, 1.75 mg/ml) i.m spread over 4 days, beginning on Day 10 of oestrous cycle, and 30 and 20 mg prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ was given along with the 5th and 6th injections of Folltropin, respectively, to induce luteolysis. The animals were artificially inseminated 48, 60 and 72 h after the first prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ injection. The number of corpora lutea was recorded by palpation per rectum and by ultrasonography on Day 6 (Day 0 = day of oestrus). The ovaries were examined daily by ultrasonography on Days 3-9 of the oestrous cycle for following the growth and regression of the largest follicle, which was considered the morphologically dominant follicle. The animals were classified into two groups depending upon the presence (n = 4) and absence of a dominant follicle (n = 5). There was a high correlation (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) between the number of corpora lutea observed by palpation per rectum and that determined by ultrasonography. Mean (${\pm}SEM$) number of corpora lutea determined by ultrasonography ($11.20{\pm}3.71$ vs $3.25{\pm}0.75$) and by palpation per rectum ($10.40{\pm}3.91$ vs $2.25{\pm}0.75$) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the nondominant group compared to that in the dominant group. There was no difference in the numbers of follicles 2-3 mm ($13.80{\pm}4.49$ vs $8.00{\pm}1.08$), 4-6 mm ($7.00{\pm}1.87$ vs $3.50{\pm}1.33$), and the total number of follicles ${\geq}2mm$ ($22.00{\pm}5.95$ vs $12.50{\pm}1.26$) between the two groups, one day prior to initiation of superovulation. There was, however, a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation between the number of corpora lutea with the numbers of follicles 2-3 mm (r = 0.83), 4-6 mm (r = 0.80) and the total number of follicles ${\geq}2mm$ (r = 0.89) observed one day prior to initiation of superovulation. The results of this study indicate that the presence of a dominant follicle adversely affects the superovulatory response in cattle.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conception rate and other parameters (body condition score; BCS, progesterone concentrations and follicle size) before estrus induction with $PGF_2{\alpha}$. The conception rate in cows with (2.75, 2.75 to 3.25 and 3.25), BCS regardless of AI (artificial insemination) time was 47.5, 67.5% and 48.5% at $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of BCS was 59.0% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 46.2% in cows inseminated at 72 to 80 hours (timed artificial insemination, TAI) after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 43.0% in cows with low progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml), and 67.5% in cows with high progesterone concentrations (more than 1.0 ng/ml) at $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection. The conception rate regardless of progesterone concentrations was 59.9% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 48.1% in cows of TAI after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 36.0% in cows with small dominant follicles (less than 5 mm), 56.0% in cows between 5 mm to 10 mm of follicle size, and 65.5% in cows with large dominant follicles (more than 10 mm) at $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of follicle size was 57.3% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 47.6% in cows of TAI after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection. These results indicated that if the cows with BCS 2.75 to 3.25, active corpus luteum, and/or large dominant follicle (more than 10 mm) are used for estrus induction, the conception rate will be greater.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.480-485
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• 1998

Application of trans rectal ultrasonography to buffaloes (n=6) to follow the growth of large antral follicles individually, on each day of one interovulatory interval revealed that follicular turnover during oestrous cycle occured in waves. There was a predominance of a two-wave pattern (5/6 animals) compared to that of a three-wave pattern (1/6 animals). For two-wave pattern, the first wave emerged at Day $0.20{\pm}0.19$ (Day 0 = day of ovulation) and was marked by development of a dominant anovulatory follicle which grew in size from $5.40{\pm}0.24mm$ at the day of detection to a maximum diameter of $12.40{\pm}0.81mm$ on Day $8.60{\pm}1.57$, with a growth rate of $0.88{\pm}0.17mm/day$ and then regressed, with a mean persistence of $19.40{\pm}1.54$ days. The second wave emerged at Day $9.20{\pm}1.06$ and was marked by development of a dominant ovulatory follicle which grew in size from $4.20{\pm}0.37mm$ at the day of detection to a maximum diameter of $13.80{\pm}0.37mm$ on Day $21.00{\pm}1.38$, with a growth rate of $0.66{\pm}0.12mm/day$ and then ovulated on Day $21.60{\pm}1.25$, with a mean persistence of $11.80{\pm}1.39$ days. The maximum diameters attained and the growth rates of dominant anovulatory and dominant ovulatory follicles, and the mean number of follicles ${\geq}3mm$ diameter detected at the time of emergence of first and second waves ($11.80{\pm}1.74$ and $9.00{\pm}2.81$, respectively) were not significantly different. In the animal which showed a three-wave pattern, the first, second and third waves emerged on Days 1, 10 and 19, respectively. All animals, except one had at least one subordinate follicle in the first or second or both waves. The subordinate follicles increased in diameter over a few days and then regressed. The results indicate that in buffaloes, the follicular turnover during oestrous cycle occurs predominantly in a two-wave pattern.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conception rate and other parameters (body condition score; BCS, progesterone concentrations and follicle size) before estrus induction with CIDR(intravaginal progesterone-releasing controlled internal drug release). The conception rate in cows with < 2.75, 2.75 to 3.25, and 3.25 <, BCS regardless of AI (artificial insemination) time was 46.6%, 63.3%, and 46.6% at CIDR insertion, respectively. The conception rate regardless of BCS was 54.9% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 48.7% in cows inseminated at 72 to 80 hours (timed artificial insemination, TAI) after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 40.0% in cows with low progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml), and 56.6% in cows with high progesterone concentrations (more than 1.0 ng/ml) at CIDR injection. The conception rate regardless of progesterone concentrations was 53.8% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 38.0% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 43.3% in cows with small follicle (less than 5 mm), 53.3% in cows between 5 mm to 10 mm of follicle, and 63.3% in cows with large folliclc (more than 10 mm) at CIDR injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of follicle size was 58.4% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 45.9% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. These results indicated that if the cows with BCS 2.75 to 3.25, active corpus luteum, and/or large dominant follicle (more than 10 mm) are used for estrus induction, the conception rate will be greater.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 2010

Objective: To evaluate if there is any correlation between the growth rate of dominant follicles and clinical characteristics or outcome variables in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Methods: This study was performed in 313 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) were measured on day 3 of menstrual cycle, and serial ultrasonographic measurement of the diameter of growing follicles was performed. The growth rates of dominant follicles calculated by diameter difference divided by days were correlated with clinical characteristics and outcome variables. Results: There was no significant difference in the growth rate of the dominant follicles between gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and antagonist cycles. No significant correlation was found between the growth rates and evaluated factors such as age, body mass index, LH, FSH, $E_2$, retrieved oocytes and fertilization rate. Conclusion: The Growth rate of dominant follicles seems to show an independent feature of basal characteristics and ovarian response.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.630-637
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• 2013

To determine the effects of dry period (DP) length on milk yield, milk composition, some blood metabolites, complete blood count (CBC), body weight and score and follicular status, twenty five primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to a completely randomized design with DP-60 (n = 13) and DP-20 (n = 12) dry period lengths. Cows in the DP-60 produced more milk, protein, SNF, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta hydroxyl butyrate acid (BHBA) compared with cows in DP-20 ($p{\leq}0.05$). Serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were all similar among the treatments. Body Condition Score (BCS), body weight (BW), complete blood count (CBC) and health problems were similar between the treatments. Diameter of the first dominant follicle and diameter of the dominant follicle on d 14 were different among the treatments. Thus, results of this study showed that reducing the dry period length to DP-20 had a negative effect on milk production, milk composition and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2014

Objective: To investigate the association of individual follicular fluid (FF) leptin and adiponectin levels with the quality of the corresponding oocyte and embryo. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 67 women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with 89 FF samples. FF and the corresponding oocyte was obtained from a single dominant preovulatory follicle at the time of oocyte retrieval. Concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in an individual follicle. The oocyte quality, fertilization rate, and corresponding embryo development were assessed. Results: The FF level of leptin was significantly associated with body mass index (r=0.334, p<0.01). The FF adiponectin level was significantly higher in the normal fertilization group than the abnormal fertilization group (p=0.009) in the non-obese women. A lower FF leptin level was associated with a trend toward mature oocytes, normal fertilization, and good embryo quality, although these relationships were not statistically significant. The leptin:adiponectin ratio of FF did not differ significantly according to oocyte and embryo quality. The quality of the oocyte and embryo was not associated with the FF leptin level tertile. However, the normal fertilization rate was positively associated with FF adiponectin level tertile. There was a trend towards improved oocytes and normal fertilization rates with the lowest tertile of the FF leptin:adiponectin ratio, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a high FF adiponectin concentration could be a predictor of normal fertilization. However, the FF leptin concentration and leptin:adiponectin ratio is not significantly related to oocyte maturity and corresponding embryo development.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to determine the elaborate characteristics of ovarian changes including follicles and corpus luteum, and hormonal patterns of gonadotropin surge mode secretions during the normal consecutive estrous cycle in three dairy cows. Non-lactating and multiparous Holstein cows (n=3) used as experimental animals. The cows were assigned to examine the relationship among ovarian changes (follicle, corpus luteum), ovarian steroids (estradiol, progesterone) and gonadotropin (LH, FSH) surge mode secretion during the successive estrous cycles by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and hormonal assay. The mean length of the estrous cycle for the three cows was $23.1{\pm}1.44days$ (${\pm}SEM$), with a range of 20-28 days. In six estrous cycles, the number of two follicular waves, three follicular waves and four follicular waves was 2, 3 and 1, respectively. The sequential ultrasonographic monitoring showed that the corpus luteum with ${\geq}10mm$ in diameter detected from Day 2 (Day 0 is ovulation) in six estrous cycles of all cows. Preovulatory increases in estradiol concentration reached $10.36{\pm}1.10pg/ml$ on the 2 days before ovulation of the last dominant follicle. All cows exhibited a preovulatory rise in estradiol concentration followed by a typical preovulatory LH and FSH surge. The mean interval from the peak of LH/FSH surge to ovulation of the last dominant follicle was $31.3{\pm}1.76h$ (${\pm}SEM$). In these results, each dairy cow showed that ovarian morphological changes and gonadotropin surge mode secretion will be regulated by various environmental factors including age, breeds, nutrition, breeding conditions, etc.