• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.822-833
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• 2010

Temperature increase due to climate changes causes change of water temperature in rivers which results in change of water quality etc. and the change of river ecosystem has a great impact on human life. Analyzing the impact of current climate changes on air and water temperature is an important thing in adapting to the climate changes. This study examined the effect of climate changes through analyzing air temperature trend for Nakdong river basin and analyzed the elasticity of air-water temperature to understand the effect of climate changes on water temperature. For analysis air temperature trend, collecting air temperature data from the National Weather Service on main points in Nakdong river basin, and resampling them at the units of year, season and month, used as data for air temperature trend analysis. Analyzing for elasticity of air-water temperature, the data were collected by the Water Environment Information system for water temperature, while air temperature data were collected at the National Weather Service point nearest in the water temperature point. And using the results of trend analysis and elasticity analysis, the effect of climate changes on water temperature was examined estimating future water temperature in 20 years and 50 years after. It is judged that analysis on mutual impact between factors such as heat budget, precipitation and evapotranspiration on river water temperature affected by climate changes and river water temperature is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2018

This study aims to determine the pollution levels of nine kinds of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in Lake Shihwa, which is susceptible to the inflow of pollutants, and the levels of heavy metal exposure in its fish and shellfish. Shihwa Lake's water quality did not exceed the short-term standard for protection of marine ecosystems, but concentrations of As, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Zn exceeded the long-term standard for protection of a marine ecosystem. In comparison to findings in prior research, performed in 2010, levels of Cr, Ni, As, and Zn are now 4.1 times lower. However, when compared to Saemangeum Lake, the environment is similar to that of Lake Shihwa, Cu, Ni, Hg, Mn, and Zn were 244.4 times higher. The levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg in fish's muscles did not exceed the average values set by the marine safety standard. However, when compared to the fish from the Korean coast, the levels of heavy metals were 9.7 times higher, on average. The levels of heavy metals in fish's livers were on average 26.8 times higher than in the muscles. In the case of shellfish, the levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg did not exceed the standard values, but in comparison to the shellfish from the south coast, the levels of heavy metals were 6.2 times higher on average. In particular, Mn (153.5 times higher) from fish and Cd (14.7 times higher) from shellfish were found in high amounts, indicating a concerning level of these specific heavy metals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.280-304
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa-Isl.). The vascular plants were collected 14 times (from March to November 2012), and were identified as 595 taxa; 122 families, 359 genera, 529 species, 7 subspecies, 51 varieties, 2 forms and 3 hybrids. The plant formation of Mt. Gisangsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of Korean peninsula. All most mountain covered with young secondary forest which is mainly composed of Pinus and Quercus. The family represented by the largest number of species diversity were Asteraceae (11.%), Poaceae (10.7%), Cyperaceae (6.38%), Fabaceae (3.86%) and Rosaceae (3.52%) respectively. Korean endemic plants of this area were 12 taxa; Asarum misandrum, Clematis brachyura, Philadelphus schrenkii, Forsythia koreana, Polygonatum infundiflorum, etc. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN) Abies koreana, Near Threatened species (NT) both Wikstroemia trichotoma and Sparganium erectum, Least Concern species (LC) Platycladus orientalis, Swertia diluta var. tosaensis and Iris minutoaurea and by Not Evaluate species (NE) Polygonatum infundiflorum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 45 taxa comprising two taxa of grade V and VI, nine taxa of grade III, three taxa of grade II, 29 taxa of gradeI. The naturalized plants were identified as 64 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 10.7% of total 595 taxa vascular plants. Ecosystem disturbance wild plants were consisted of eight taxa; Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata and Lactuca scariola. Furthermore, therophytes (26.5%), hemicryptophytes (26.0%), Geophyte (14.0%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2010

The archipelago in the southwest sea, Korea, was registered as Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Man and the Biosphere (UNESCO MAB) on May 26, 2009. This study was conducted to determine a method of reconciling natural and anthropogenic processes and to enable sustainable development in the vicinity of the Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve (SDBR). To accomplish this, the characteristics of SDBR with respect to biodiversity and cultural diversity were evaluated. In addition, a management plan regarding the wise use of the SDBR was developed while focusing on four parts: cultural support to induce motivation for native conservation and development; development and specification of fisheries and cultivation based on local community systems; restructuring of marine food products and resource transporting systems; activation and discovery of indigenous knowledge to enable networking between local residents, academia and the UNESCO-international society.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2016

In order to reconstruct a benthic foodweb structure and assess the role of benthic microalgaes as a diet source for benthos, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of diverse benthos (bivalves, crustaceans, gastropods and fishes) and potential diets (particulate organic matter, sedimentary organic matter, benthic microalgae, seagrass, and macroalgaes) in the intertidal mudflat surrounding Yeongheung Island. The ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of the diets indicated wide ranges (- 26.5‰ to - 8.4‰) while benthos showed a small range of ${\delta}^{13}C$ values (-12.1‰ to - 17.8‰), although they were in the same range. Except for green algaes among the macroalgaes as well as sedimentary organic matter, ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of the diet candidates ($5.7{\pm}1.0$‰) were lighter in comparison to those of the benthos ($11.8{\pm}1.9$‰). Based on the ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ data, the benthos were classified into 3 groups, indicating a different diet and trophic position. But benthic microalgae is the most important diet source for all three benthos groups based on their stable isotope ratios, suggesting benthic microalgae should be a main diet to the intertidal ecosystem. Hence this study highlights that the biomass of benthic microalgae as biological resource should be evaluated for the management of the intertidal ecosystem of Yeongheung Island.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.228-236
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate fish metric attributes using a model of Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessment (LEHA) and apply the model to the dataset sampled from six sites of Namyang Reservoir during October 2005$\sim$May 2006. The model was composed of 11 metries and the metric attributes were made of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Trophic composition's metrics showed that tolerant species ($M_3$, 80%) and omnivore species ($M_4$, 92%) dominated the fish fauna, indicating a biological degradation in the aquatic ecosystem. The metric of $M_7$, relative proportions of exotic species, also showed greater than 8% of the total, indicating a ecological disturbance. The average value of LEHA model was 24.3 (n= 12) in the reservoir, indicating a "poor condition" by the criteria of An and Han (2007). Spatial variation based on the model values was low (range: $21{\sim}26$), and temporal variation occurred due to a monsoon rainfall. Electrical conductivity (EC) and tropic state index of chlorophyll-$\alpha$ [TSI(CHL)] was greater in the premonsoon than the postmonsoon.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2018

We examined the impact of paddy wetland's avian-diversity on the development of the protected horticulture complex. The results of this study were made to propose ecological protected horticulture complex and development direction suitable for avian habitat. The total number of species surveyed was analyzed as 1168 individuals in 11 orders 26 families and 36 generic 48 species. Type average was analyzed as paddy $17.25{\pm}4.83$ species and $74.50{\pm}38.08$ individuals, glass $10.00{\pm}0.82$ species and $46.75{\pm}2.06$ individuals, single $13.75{\pm}7.27$ species and $59.50{\pm}35.34$ individuals, multi $8.75{\pm}0.96$ species and $36.75{\pm}9.29$ individuals. Paddy showed higher species diversity than protected horticulture complex. The average number of species surveyed for one year was glass $14{\pm}2.83$, multi $12{\pm}1.41$, single $18{\pm}11.31$, and paddy $26{\pm}11.31$. The diversity difference was identified as paddy> single> glass and multi. Statistical analysis showed statistical difference of Ciconiiformes. Development of protected horticulture complex causes loss of avian habitat. The diversity index was glass $1.73{\pm}0.07$, multi $1.68{\pm}0.14$, single $1.91{\pm}0.47$, and paddy $2.29{\pm}0.17$. Paddy has a higher species diversity than the protected horticulture complex. For the purpose of ecological protected horticulture complex, detention ponds, artificial wetlands and habitats should be reflected in the design. This should be applied to reclamation areas or large-scale protected horticulture complexes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.394-405
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to propose methods to transplant for the ecosystem damage borrow pits. The research site is Junggun-dong Gwangyang-si Jeollanam-do. The total area of the site is approximately $199,026m^2$, but the area damaged by exploitation of soil and rocks is about $84,200m^2$. This signals the transplanting method to solve the problems of ecological destruction. The research will focus on the areas either which are evaluated as damaged or in which the development is inevitable. Therefore, this study will investigate the vegetation structure and their evolution, topological and soil character, and annual ring structure; in the end, the study will propose compensating and restoring options. This study proposed the selection of trees and their planting methods by using the models of the community transplantation(Quercus mongolica trees) and the tree transplantation(Pinus thunbergii trees). The study set out plans that will attempt to restore the Quercus mongolica forests and 89 Quercus mongolica trees of the canopy layer trees, 153 middle layer trees, and 661 shrubs are suitable. The tree transplantation utilized the existing Pinus thunbergii trees. The number of transplantation is 2,648. The total area of the transplantation topsoil is calculated to be $15,353m^3$. These study results must be contributed to reduce a damaged ecosystems and compensated damaged ecosystems for solving the problem of damaged borrow pits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2013

This study was carried out to provide preliminary data for increasing biodiversity in agricultural ecosystem and investigate availability of using Tubificidae spp. for environment-friendly agriculture through the survey of growth of Tubificidae spp. in flooded paddy fields during winter. We estimated the number of Tubificidae spp. in rice paddy where had been flooded during the previous winter in Ganghwa-gun, Suwon-si, and Hwaseong-si (Bongdam-eup and Paltan-myeon) between March and April from 2010 to 2012. During growing period of rice, the number of Tubificidae spp. was compared between flooded and non-flooded paddy field in Ganghwa-gun. As results, mean density of Tubificidae spp. in winter flooded paddy field was 7,235.5 $ind./m^2$ in Ganghwa-gun, 14,347.5 $ind./m^2$ in Suwon-si, 59,989.9 $ind./m^2$ in Bongdam-eup, and 2,610.6 $ind./m^2$ in Paltan-myeon. Mean density of Tubificidae spp. was the highest in flooded paddy fields of Bongdam-eup that was kept wet until rice harvest time and had shallow water. While mean density was the lowest in Paltan-myeon where had deep water and later flooded paddy field than others. In Ganghwa-gun, during growing period of rice, mean density of Tubificidae spp. in flooded paddy fields (171,109.0 $ind./m^2$) and flooded fallow paddy fields (321,084.2 $ind./m^2$) was much higher than non-flooded paddy fields (1,006.6 $ind./m^2$). Flooded paddy field during winter can help increase the number of Tubificidae spp. which can control weeds and enhance biodiversity in paddy fields for environment-friendly agriculture. Early flooding and shallow water of paddy fields could be a good agriculture practice to encourage the growth of Tubificidae spp..

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.665-679
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• 2015

Yearly mean temperature in the 29 lakes surveyed ranges from 12.6 (Suncheon) to 13.9℃ (Mokpo), the lowest in −2.7℃ (January) and the highest in 25.9℃ (July). Monthly mean the amount of rainfall recorded the highest of 336.7 mm in August and the lowest with 4.9 mm in January. A total of 424 species of phytoplankton were identified. They were 157 Chlorophyceae, 161 Bacillariophyceae, 39 Cyanophyceae, and 67 other algal taxa. The phytoplankton diversity were low in stream type reservoirs such as Guemho, Youngsan and Youngam. The population density of phytoplankton ranged from 19 to 53,161 cells/ml. Annual mean of total zooplankton abundance in 45 sites was 369±827 ind./L (n=180). Rotifers were the most common taxa and their relative abundance was high (65~77%). The benthic microinvertebrate fauna of 10 reservoirs of Jeonnam province were 71 species of 61 genera of 44 families of 16 orders of 7 classes of 4 phyla. Aquatic insects of Phylum Arthropoda were 50 species of 44 genera of 28 families of 6 orders. The number of individuals was 6,132. Diptera was highiest (41.3%), and Ephemeroptera (31.0%), Trichoptera (17.5%), Anellida (3.8%), Mollusca (3.3%), Crustacea (0.4%). Large hydrophytes were identified 32 taxa, 2 varieties 30 species 26 genera and 20 families. Especially, Jijung and Juam lakes require management such as physical remove of this ecosystem disturbance field plants. Fishes were identified total 44 taxa, such as 25 Cyprinidae (56.8%), 8 Cobitidae (17.0%), 3 Gobiidae (6.4%), 2 Bagridae (4.3%), 2 Osmeridae (4.3%), 2 Odontobutidae (4.3%), 2 Centrachidae (4.3%), 1 Siluridae (2.1%), and 1 Centropomidae (2.1%). A pale chub was dominant species (18.9%).