• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.4.1-4.5
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• 2018

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), along with IGF-binding protein and IGF receptor, are well-known regulators in the growth and survival of vertebrates. In this study, we investigated the involvement of IGFs and protein variation during embryonic development of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Morphological stages were divided into six main developments as blastula, gastrula, cephalization, cranial regionalization, tail lift, and hatch. During embryonic development, protein variation was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. In addition, the mechanism of signaling of IGF-I receptor was examined using immuno-blot analysis. We found marked changes in protein expression at four stages of embryonic development and identified proteins as belonging to the vitellogenin 2 family. As development progresses, expression of IGF-II, phosphotyrosine, and phospho-Akt increased, while expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and one of guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (Ras) decreased. These results provide basic information on the IGF system in the embryonic development of the olive flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1495-1503
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with BCAA (branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine and valine) on improving the growth of rats in a malnutritional IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Retardation) model, which was established by feeding restriction. In the experimental treatment, rats were fed purified diets supplemented with BCAA (mixed) during the whole gestation period, while arginine and alanine supplementation were set as the positive and negative control group, respectively. The results showed that, compared to the effect of alanine, BCAA reversed IUGR by increasing the fetus weights by 18.4% and placental weights by 18.0% while fetal numbers were statistically increased. Analysis of gene and protein expression revealed that BCAA treatment increased embryonic liver IGF-I expression; the uterus expressed higher levels of estrogen receptor-$\alpha$ (ER-$\alpha$) and progesterone receptor (PR), and the placenta expressed higher levels of IGF-II. Amino acid analysis of dam plasma revealed that BCAA supplementation effectively enhanced the plasma BCAA levels caused by the feed restriction. BCAA also enhanced the embryonic liver gluconeogenesis by augmenting the expression of two key enzymes, namely fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBP) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). In conclusion, supplementation of BCAA increased litter size, embryonic weight and litter embryonic weight by improving the dam uterus and placental functions as well as increasing gluconeogenesis in the embryonic liver, which further provided energy to enhance the embryonic growth.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.589-596
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• 2019

${\beta}Pix$ is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family small GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42. It is known to regulate focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration. However, the in vivo role of ${\beta}Pix$ is currently not well understood. Here, we report the production and characterization of ${\beta}Pix$-KO mice. Loss of ${\beta}Pix$ results in embryonic lethality accompanied by abnormal developmental features, such as incomplete neural tube closure, impaired axial rotation, and failure of allantois-chorion fusion. We also generated ${\beta}Pix$-KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to examine ${\beta}Pix$ function in mouse fibroblasts. ${\beta}Pix$-KO MEFs exhibit decreased Rac1 activity, and defects in cell spreading and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced ruffle formation and chemotaxis. The average size of focal adhesions is increased in ${\beta}Pix$-KO MEFs. Interestingly, ${\beta}Pix$-KO MEFs showed increased motility in random migration and rapid wound healing with elevated levels of MLC2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ${\beta}Pix$ plays essential roles in early embryonic development, cell spreading, and cell migration in fibroblasts.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2014

To understand the effect of prenatal stress on sex-specific changes in embryonic and placental growth, a synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) was administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) (Dex1) or 10 mg/kg BW (Dex10) to pregnant ICR mice at the gestational days 7.5, 8.5 and 9.5 post coitum (p.c.). Embryos and placentas were then harvested at days 11.5 and 18.5 p.c., and their body weight and size were measured following the determination of sex through PCR using Sry specific primers in tail tissues. As a result, female embryos presented reduced fetal body weight and size in Dex1- and Dex10-treated groups than those of control group at the embryonic day 11.5 p.c. Interestingly, the growth seems to be recovered at day 18.5 as there was no difference in growth between control and dexamethasone treated groups. In the case of males, Dex1 induced a decrease in fetal weight in day 11.5 and this pattern was maintained until day 18.5, whereas their growth was not affected by Dex10 treatment. Placental growth showed similar patterns to fetal growth in both sexes but the extent of reduction was not statistically significant in most cases. Placental weights in Dex1- and Dex10-treated group were decreased significantly in male only. The results imply that the effect of prenatal stress is largely sex dependent due to different strategies for growth and survival in a stressful environment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2000

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cell lines, which derived from preimplantation embryo. These cells have been used as a vehicle of foreign DNA for production of transgenic mammals. this experiment was performed to examined the possible use of blastodermal cells derived from hen's egg for germline manipulation. Stage X blsdtodermal cells isolated from fertilized eggs were cultured in DMEM containing 15% fetal calf serum. Blastodermal cells wre co-cultured on the chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) or mouse embryonic fibroblast(MEF) cells. to examine the effects of growth factors on stem cell growth, bFGF and LIF were added. There was no significant difference in colony formation of putative ES cells between CEF and MEF as a feederlayer, but the addition of growth factors enhanced the proliferation and inhibited differentiation of blastodermal cells. To characterize the cell colonies as a putative ES cells, putative embryonic cell colonies were stained by periodic acid Schiffs (PAS) reagent. The putative ES cell colonies showed intensive positive reaction similar to the property of undifferentiated PGC upto 20days in vitro, but not in other cell types. this result demonstrates that PAS-positive cell colonies may be used for the study of establishment of chicken ES cell lines for the production of transgenic chicken.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.3_4
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• pp.143-150
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• 1980

The effect of ginseng saponin on chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia organ culture and brain, spinal cord, muscle dissociation cultures was studied. The fiber outgrowth in explanted chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia was markedly induced by water and alcohol extracts of ginseng, total ginseng saponin, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol glycosides as well as ginsenosides R/sub b1/, R/sub d/, R/sub 0/+R/sub a/+R/sub b1/, and R/sub b2/+R/sub c/+R/sub e/ mixtures. The life span of the cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia and potentiation of nerve cell density were also observed with all of these ginseng saponins. The effect of ginseng saponin on chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia organ culture was more marked in the absence of the chick embryonic extract which was known to contain nerve growth factor-like material in the culture media. However, the ginseng saponin did not influence the cultured central nervous system such as brain and spinal cord cells and cultured skeletal muscle cells with respect to the morphological changes, maturation and life span of these cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.296-301
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• 1987

Polyamines of Korean red ginseng were extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid and purified by ion exchange chromatography using Dowex-50Wx8 resin. Four spots having R$_f$ values of 0.19, 0.28, 0.35, and 0.45 were detected. It was observed under microscopy that those polyamines stimulated the growth and differentiation of chicken embryonic muscle cell. The development of muscle cells from the stage of myoblast to that of myotube was found to be enhanced by those polyamines. It was also observed that those polyamines most likely lengthened, the life-span of the cultured chicken embryonic skeletal muscle cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1702-1707
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• 2002

The effects of dark-control (D) and continuous green light (GL) exposure of incubated meat-type breeder eggs (Hybro) on embryonic growth from 5 to 15 days of age, hatching time, hatchability per cent and chick hatching weight were investigated in three consecutive experiments at 33, 38, and 41 weeks of age. A total of 798 eggs were used in this study. Eggs were set in an incubator on trays either in the D or under two tubes of 20-watt green fluorescent light during the first 18 days of incubation. Eggs from both treatments were transferred to the dark hatching compartment at 19 days of incubation. The light intensity was in the range of 1,340 to 1,730 lux at the surface of the eggs. GL incubation of eggs significantly (p<0.01) increased weight (expressed as an absolute value) and daily weight gain of embryos at 11 and continued to 15 days of age, hatchability per cent by 4.8%, reduced dead embryos per cent and chick weight at hatch by 37 and 2%, respectively and accelerated hatching time by about 24 h when compared with the D-control incubation. Chicks hatched at 504 h of incubation had significantly (p<0.01) higher body weight, expressed as an absolute value or as a percentage of egg weight, than those hatched earlier at 456 h of incubation. It was concluded that the GL incubation of meat breeder eggs reduced incubation period and chick weight at hatch and increased embryonic growth and hatchability per cent.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.341-345
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• 2009

This study describes culture conditions for a plant regeneration system via a combined pathway of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in root explant cultures of the commercial rose cultivar 'Charming'. Root explants formed white calluses at a frequency of 30% after 6 weeks of culture on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with $11mg\;1^{-1}$ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 6 weeks of transfer to SH medium without growth regulators, initial white calluses gave rise to globular somatic embryos at a frequency of 2.8%, which were subsequently dedifferentiated to embryonic tissues. Somatic embryos or embryonic tissues initially derived from root explants did not undergo development beyond cotyledonary stage. To produce adventitious shoots, embryonic tissues were sliced and cultured on SH medium with $0.5mg\;1^{-1}$ 6-benzyladenine. After 4 weeks of culture, 28% of embryonic tissue explants formed adventitious shoots. Regenerated shoots were rooted on half strength SH medium with $0.1mg\;1^{-1}$ ${\alpha}-naphthalaneacetic$ acid and subsequently grown to maturity. Root-derived embryonic tissues were proliferated by subculture, while retaining the capacity for shoot production for a few years.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2017

Optimizing the conditions for stem cell culture is an essential prerequisite for the efficient utilization of stem cells. In the culture of fish embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or ESC-like cells, embryo extracts are important for stable growth, but there is no rule for determining the developmental stage of the embryos used to obtain extracts. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the developmental stage of extract donor embryos on the culture of Oryzias dancena ESC-like cells. O. dancena ESC-like cells were cultured in different media containing each of four types of embryo extract depending on the developmental stage of the extract donor embryos. Growth, morphology, colony-forming ability, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and embryoid body (EB) formation of the cells were investigated. While the developmental stage of the extract donor embryos did not influence the growth, morphology, AP activity, or EB formation of ESC-like cells, colony-forming ability was affected and the pattern of the effects differed completely between the two ESC-like cells investigated. These results suggest that the developmental stage of extract donor embryos should be selected carefully for the culture of ESC-like cells, according to the research purpose and type of cell line.