• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.19
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• pp.145-163
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• 2005

What is Buddhism for? Is the enlightenment the only valid goal of the Buddhist practice? In answering to such questions, this article attempts to challenge the traditional Buddhist notion on the enlightenment, which has been believed to be the utmost and unquestionable, the final goal of Buddhist practice. This article argues that the enlightenment as the final goal of Buddhist practice resulted from religious atmosphere of the ancient India, where the society was bifurcated with the lay and monks. Moreover, nirvana, the final enlightenment with no-more-rebirth, was not the goal of all the Buddhists, but the goal of a few, religious elites. In modern society, where the role of lay people becomes more and more important the Buddhist goal for the enlightenment needs to be reevaluated and to change, from the enlightenment to happiness.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.101-125
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• 1991

Arithemetic Enlightenment is written for school beginner and has given much influence to Korea. this article makes a review of fraction in Arithemetic Enlightenment. Difference of the way of thinking between the West and the Orient, fraction in Njne Chapter of Arithemetic, overview of Arithemetic Enlightenment, fraction education in Arithemetic Enlightenment, all of which are described in this article.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2002

This paper serves to analyze the points of views un women in enlightenment discourse of the equality of sexes during the enlightenment period of Korea (1860 1910). The discourses of newspapers that are the text of this study have been analyzed with qualitative research technique. The major conclusions that are derived from the study are as follows. First, enlightenment discourse of the equality of sexes criticized women’s inferior status in family and in society. Second, the discourse, however, claimed the women's rights with the view of national interests, which meant that the ultimate goal of the discourse was not the enhancement of women's rights. Women during the enlightenment period were recognized as a member of a nation while they should also role as a member of If. The discourse also claimed that the equality of sexes could be realized through education and emphasized especially women's role as a mother who should raise a member of a nation. Third, enlightenment discourse would not understand the women's every day lives that resulted in demanding women more roles in the name of civilization.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.87-99
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• 2002

This is a study of discourses on the family used during the Enlightenment period in Korea. To this end, 1 have conducted a qualitative analysis of the editorials taken from the Taehan Maeil Sinbo of that period. The major findings are as follows: First, these Enlightenment period discourses claimed that civilized nations evolved from a family in primitive society. This concept of family is different from the concept of family in a Confucian society. Civilized societies believed the family is less important than the nation. At that time, Korean Press used the term bumoguk (Parental nation) to refer to the nation in an attempt to equate national loyalty to filial piety. Second, the Enlightenment period claimed that the nation belonged in the Public sphere while the family belonged in the private sphere. However, it was stated that it was the duty of the family to discipline the members and make them into good citizens. Finally, Enlightenment discourses used familyism as the basis of their arguments.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.87-101
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• 1996

This study aims at showing how C.N.Ledoux applied architecturally the idea of Enlightenment in the Ideal City. Enlightenment of 18th century not only developed neo-classicism in the field of art, but also brought about the changes of ideology and philosophy of the era. C.N.Ledoux, one of the most influential architects of this period, expressed abstractly and symbolically the essential idea of Enlightenment; the skepticism of God's authority, the liberty and equality of man, charity and the willingness of controlling the power of nature, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.120-136
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• 2012

This thesis takes an aim to investigate the relationship between the costume and enlightenment ideology by studying the change of costume, and reviewing the portraiture of Queen Marie Antoinette. The method of this research is to select the 29 pieces among the portraitures from 1770 to 1793, and to analyze the headdress, shape of robes and ornaments. The results are as follows. The first period(1770-1774): The costume in this period of Dauphin of France is described as vivid, and simple like her characters, and also represents her active lifestyle. The ideology of equality between the two sexes from the enlightenment slightly influence the costumes seen inside the portrait of Dauphin. The second period (1775-1779): This is the early period of the Queen's enthronement and also before her childbirth. The relatively small number of portraits showed her as an authoritative figure because her skirts were expanded with huge panier, the waist were tightened with corset, and her headdress was enlarged. Thus, this period could not be defined as the one of enlightenment philosophies in light of the persistent unsanitary construction of costumes distorting the body. The third period(1780-1789): There are many portraits depicting the Queen and her children. It is noteworthy that the English style picturesque garden was illustrated as a background while the costume was simple and sanitary, both being affected by the enlightenment. The last period(1789-1793): This is the period between the French revolution and the death of the Queen. The form of costumes was transformed into the neoclassic style, headdress was reduced in size, and was simplified as a result of complete change of costume for the enlightenment. This research is to be interpreted as a tool of study about the relationship of costume, society and ideological streams and also be a means of elucidating the contemporary times in view of the past ones.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.20 no.2 s.26
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• pp.207-214
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• 2006

Mathematics can be divided into practical mathematics and logical mathematics. The 'Enlightenment Period' is the period in which our mathematics shifted from practical mathematics to logical mathematics. Considering the change of our school mathematics and mathematics education in the enlightenment period, we reach the following conclusions. First, the contents and forms of mathematics books followed to Western style, but the attitudes adhered to on. Second, making much of results than process, we are afraid of proof. Third, we necessitate the mathematics culture of enjoying itself.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.67-82
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• 2001

This paper serves to analyze discourses on concubine at the beginning of the modernization era or during the enlightenment period of Korea. For this analysis, the estimated time frame of the enlightenment period will be from 1860 through the time when Korea was annexed into Japan, which was in 1910. The discourses appeared in newspapers and Shinsoseol which are the text of this study have been analyzed with the qualitative research technique. The major conclusions that are derived from the study are as follows: First, intellectuals during enlightenment period of Korea, criticizing concubinage, tired to establish the monogamous relationship and they argued that it should be the prior condition for Korea to enter into the civilized society. Second, the concubinage was criticized in the point of the newly established view. The criticism was on double sex ethics, applying different ethical standards to men and women and the prohibition of wifes jealousy of concubine. Third, intellectuals during enlightenment period of Korea were tried to do away with concubinage by enforcing the discrimination between wife and concubine. But the efforts resulted in making concubinage personal problems. Also consciousness based confucian ethics including female virtues was forced to be followed in ordinary affairs while concubinage was criticized in the point of the view of western ethics based consciousness. The huge differences between two ethics consciousness resulted in serious conflicts in family.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.656-669
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• 2014

This literature considers Pierre Fauchard's exploits under historical context of the enlightenment movement and development of the surgery during 18th century in France. <치과의사 Le Chirurgien Dentiste, ou Traite des dents>, a vast collection of the former and contemporary dental knowledge, technologies, and skills, established Modern Dentistry. To emphasize the professionality of dental treatment and actions involving it, Fauchard replaces the title 'dental expert' with 'stomatologist, or Le Chirurgien Dentiste' As professionalism tried to contribute to the public interest by sharing dental knowledge and technolgies, it had become a model for the dentists. Moreover, the professionalism has been accepted as an important value throughout the manufacture crafts era and the modern capitalist industrial society. Also the principles of liberty, equality, and tolerance founded during enlightenment movement, which is based on empirical positivism and rational reason, has become the legal basis of modern nations. In order to resolve the contradiction or conflict between 'liberty and equality' by 'tolerance for the public benefit', Korean dentists need develop professionalism.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.3-29
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• 2008

Ian Watt, author of The Rise of the Novel, maintained that the novel originated in modern England, came from prose discourses such as the news, political essays and journalistic writing which propagated the Enlightenment, and the novels represent formal realism. The main point of this paper is to examine Watt's theory of the rise of the novel on the basis of the criticism of antinomy of the Enlightenment and "the public sphere" in Habermas' terms. At first, I will criticize formal realism, which is not a new literary species, but a formally renovated realistic form that represented capitalism and protestantism. And, then, I will show that formal realism is a kind of antinomy because it turned away from the voices and reality of the low-class and women though the novel concentrated on common people, not the aristocrats. Secondly, I will inquire into the antinomy of the Enlightenment in the aspects of reason, freedom, individualism and women. In my view, as soon as the high-middle class acquired their political rights, these values were no more encouraged and the result revealed antinomy of the Enlightenment more explicitly. Thirdly, I'd argue that "the public sphere" had positive meanings to everyone when the bourgeosie were fighting against the Absolutism and the aristocracy. I'll also insist that the high-middle class and the intellectuals were in "the public sphere" in which Habermas argues that rationality and equality were thought to have been realized, while the low-middle class and most women were de-enlightened and disciplined by reading the novel privately. In conclusion, formal realism is not the rise of the novel, but the opening of the novel peculiar to bourgeosie parliamentarism from the middle-eighteenth century to the middle-twentieth century.