• Korean Business Review
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• v.11
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• pp.295-317
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• 1998

Environmental accounting identifies and measures environmental costs and provides them to interested parties of corporation. The purposes of this study are as follows: First, it investigates the method of measurement and the timing of recognition of environmental costs. Second, it suggests the method of disclosure of environmental costs. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study reviewed relevant literature and studies in advanced countries and Korea. The main results of this study can be summarized into four points: (1) environmental costs are classified into environmental pollution cost and environmental pollution prevention cost, by considering the sources of occurrence of, the functions of and the types of environmental costs. (2) the methods of measurement of environmental costs are various but they almost all subjective and arbitrary. So an accurate measurement of environmental cost is actually difficult. (3) According to the accrual basis, environmental costs are recognized respective to prior period adjustments, expenses or losses of the current period and the assets of the next period. (4) There are 3 methods of disclosure of environmental costs: an extension model of financial statements, a compromise model, and an original model. An extension model financial statements is easy to apply in business practice because it discloses environmental costs by adding accounts into the framework of a traditional accounting system or supplementary reports. This research can contribute to the establishment of accounting standards for environmental costs in Korea.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.437-446
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• 2005

Recently as people's values are changing from development phase into running stage after quality of life, so that the needs of environmentally friendly construction are gradually increasing. Also populace discontent about the pollution during construction process such as the noise and vibration caused by construction machinery is increasing. Even though it is impossible to eliminate the construction pollution fully, it is necessary to make efforts to reduce construction pollution to a minimum. In terms of construction site operating, the first possible step for solving these matters directly is that the necessary sum of expenses must be secured as the environmental management costs in the conceptual phase. However, in fact, the environmental management costs have not been secured in the budget. Generally it is the major reason not arising proper activities to prevent the pollution in the construction site. The purpose of this research is to suggest the efficient budgeting method regarding Environmental management costs to ensure the necessary sum of environmental management expenses. To provide an efficient budgeting method, interviews with the person in charge of environment management was conducted. 78 construction sites was surveyed and environmental management costs were analyzed through their historical data from the survey. According to the results of analysis, the ratio of environmental management costs is revealed 0.45% of construction cost as average comparing 0.2% of legal limit. And usually the environmental management cost was appropriated into the safety management budget. So it is needed to isolate environmental management budget securely and modify the ratio of Environmental conservation Costs in Construction Technology Management Act.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2022

Background: One goal of the End tuberculosis (TB) Strategy is to see no TB-affected households experiencing catastrophic costs. Therefore, it is crucial for TB-elimination programs to identify catastrophic costs and their main drivers in order to establish appropriate health and social measures. This study aimed to measure the percent of catastrophic costs experienced by Egyptian TB patients and to identify its determinants. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 151 Egyptian TB patients recruited from two chest dispensaries from the Cairo governate from May 2019 to May 2020. We used a validated World Health Organization TB patient-cost tool to collect data on patients' demographic information, household income, and direct and indirect expense of seeking TB treatment. We considered catastrophic TB costs to be total costs exceeding 20% of the household's annual income. Results: Of the patients, 33% experienced catastrophic costs. The highest proportion of the total came in the pre-treatment stage. Being the main breadwinner, experiencing job loss, selling property, and the occurrence of early coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown were independent determinants of the incidence of catastrophic costs. Borrowing money and selling property were the most-often reported coping strategies adopted. Conclusion: Despite the availability of free TB care under the Egyptian National TB Program, nearly a third of the TB patients incurred catastrophic costs. Job loss and being the main breadwinner were among the significant predictors of catastrophic costs. Social protection mechanisms, including cash assistance and insurance coverage, are necessary to achieve the goal of the End TB Strategy.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 2020

Optimal design of structures against earthquake loads is often limited to reduce initial construction costs, while the cost induced to structures during their useful life may be several times greater than the initial costs. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the indirect costs due to earthquakes in the design process. In this research, an integrated methodology for calculating life cycle cost (LCC) of moment-resisting concrete frames is presented. Increasing seismic safety of structures and reducing human casualties can play an important role in determining the optimal design. Costs incurred for structures are added to the costs of construction, including the costs of reconstruction, financial losses due to the time spent on reconstruction, interruption in building functionality, the value of people's life or disability, and content loss are a major part of the future costs. In this research, fifty years of useful life of structures from the beginning of the construction is considered as the life cycle. These costs should be considered as factors of calculating indirect costs of a structure. The results of this work represent the life cycle cost of a 4 story, 7 story, and 10 story moment-resisting concrete frame by details. This methodology is developed based on the economic conditions of Iran in 2016 and for the case of Tehran city.

• Computational Structural Engineering : An International Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2001

This study is intended to propose a systematic approach for reliability-based assessment of life cycle cost (LCC) effectiveness and economic efficiency for cost-effective seismic upgrading of existing bridges. The LCC function is expressed as the sum of the upgrading cost and all the discounted life cycle damage costs, which is formulated as a function of the Park-Ang damage index and structural damage probability. The damage costs are expressed in terms of direct damage costs such as repair/replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, and indirect damage costs such as road user costs and indirect regional economic losses. For dealing with a variety of uncertainties associated with earthquake loads and capacities, a simulation-based reliability approach is used. The SMART-DRAIN-2DX, which is a modified version of the well-known DRAIN-2DX, is extended by incor-porating LCC analysis based on the LCC function developed in the study. Economic efficiencies for optimal seismic upgradings of the continuous PC segmental bridges are assessed using the proposed LCC functions and benefit-cost ratio.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2016

In early 90s the worldwide awareness about the energy crisis and global warming had been increased and emission reduction (by improving energy efficiency), as well as increasing the capacity of clean and renewable energies, showed themselves as the most important steps towards the sustainable development approach. However, investigations on Iran's environmental situation show huge decline in recent decades and apparently there is no sense of urgency about these issues through the vision of Iranian politicians. In this article the idea of replacing the old gas turbines of Polkalleh natural gas compressor station - as one of the main compressor stations of Iran - with newer and more efficient gas turbines is evaluated, emphatically for reducing greenhouse gases emissions and their environmental costs and decreasing natural gas consumption as well. Clearly such idea is costly, but analyzing its economic impacts, huge declines in annual costs and greenhouse gases emissions can be seen as well. So an investment about $95 million can decrease 40% of Polkalleh compressor station annual costs, 25% of natural consumption and 30% of $CO_2$ and $NO_x$ emissions. Besides the simple payback period of this investment is about 2.5 years from the cut-expenses of annual costs.

• Solar Energy
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• v.13 no.2_3
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• pp.151-156
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• 1993

The comparison of solar energy technologies with conventional technologies involves more than just comparing the costs of supplying energy and provding capacity. Solar technologies supply energy in a sustainable manner while having minimal effects on the environment. When choosing between solar energy technologies and conventional technologies, first cost is a important factor. The environmental and other social benifits of using solar energy technologies contrasts sharply with the environmental degradation and social costs resulting from the use of conventional technologies. These hidden costs, sometimes called "social cost", are not included in conventional economics. This paper is emphasized that the consideration of social costs effects comparisons between renewable and conventional energy technologies is of importance.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2015

Many burial sites were constructed in a short time to prevent the rapid spread of foot and mouth disease in infected livestock carcasses in Korea. More than 4,700 carcass burial sites were constructed in 2011. Approximately seven million poultry and 3.5 million livestock, including cattle and swine, were buried on farmland. Some burial sites were suspected of leachate leakage and were excavated and carcasses redisposed in a bioaugmentation process. This study performed interviews in order to understand the economic issues related to carcass burial and redisposal. The internal data from local government and the assumption data from online sites were analyzed to evaluate the costs; the focus was on burial site construction. The results showed that the local government paid $4.7 and $10.9 per carcass for traditional burial and redisposal. The comparable costs shown online were $4.5. This study found that the standard operating procedures should be carried out to reduce environmental impact and avoid additional costs. We estimated that the cost could be reduced by the advance preparations of materials against the emergency situations such as catastrophe of epidemics. In addition, the innovative technology for the stabilization of carcasses should be established through a future study.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2013

OECD(2008) gives the concepts of inaction costs on key environmental challenges including: direct financial costs; total financial costs; total use costs; and total social welfare costs. In analyzing the losses of environmental goods' various values conducted by domestic and foreign researchers, this study suggests the value-cost category of OECD(2008) and other studies; and the indirect use and non-use values of groundwater and other natural environment using the concepts of inaction costs. The studies on the damages and their relationships among human, property, and ecosystem are essential to monetary valuation on the qualitative or quantitative degradation of groundwater and other natural environment.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.271-279
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• 2015

Global warming has pressured companies to put a greater emphasis on environment management which allows them to reduce environmental impact and costs of their operations. In Korea, the coal-fired power plants take a large account of electricity generation at 31.7% of the total electricity usage in 2014. Thus, environmental impact of coal-fired power plants is significant. This paper illustrated how to compute environmental impact and costs in electricity generation at a coal-fired power plant using MFCA methodology. Compared to the traditional accounting, an advantage of MFCA is to provide information on electricity generation costs and environmental wastes incurring throughout the production process of electricity. Based on MFCA, the coal-fired power plant was able to reduce production cost of electricity by 52.3%, and environmental wastes by 47.7%. As a result, MFCA seemed to be an effective tool in environmental management for power plants.