• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2017

Tan spot (TS), caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechs, is an important foliar disease of wheat and has become a threat to world wheat production since the 1970s. In this study a globally diverse pre-1940s collection of 247 wheat genotypes was evaluated against Ptr ToxA, P. tritici-repentis race 1, and stem rust to determine if; (i) acquisition of Ptr ToxA by the P. tritici-repentis from Stagonospora nodorum led to increased pathogen virulence or (ii) incorporation of TS susceptibility during development stem rust resistant cultivars led to an increase in TS epidemics globally. Most genotypes were susceptible to stem rust; however, a range of reactions to TS and Ptr ToxA were observed. Four combinations of diseasetoxin reactions were observed among the genotypes; TS susceptible-Ptr ToxA sensitive, TS susceptible-Ptr ToxA insensitive, TS resistant-Ptr ToxA insensitive, and TS resistant-Ptr ToxA toxin sensitive. A weak correlation (r = 0.14 for bread wheat and -0.082 for durum) was observed between stem rust susceptibility and TS resistance. Even though there were no reported epidemics in the pre-1940s, TS sensitive genotypes were widely grown in that period, suggesting that Ptr ToxA may not be an important factor responsible for enhanced prevalence of TS.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.774-777
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• 2005

Dengue Fever(DF) and Dengue haemorrhagic fever(DHF) has become a major international public health concern. Dengue Fever(DF) and Dengue haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is also still the major health problem of Thailand, although many campaigns against it have been conducted throughout the country. GIS and Remotely Sensed data are used to evaluate the relationships between socio-spatial, environmental factors/indicators and the incidences of viral diseases. The aim of the study is to identify the spatial risk factors in Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Sukhothai province, Thailand using statistical, spatial and GIS Modelling. Preliminary results demonstrated that physical factors derived from remotely sensed data could indicate variation in physical risk factors affecting DF and DHF. The present study emphasizes the potential of remotely sensed data and GIS in spatial factors affecting Dengue Risk Zone analysis. The relationship between land cover and the cases of incidence of DF and DHF by information value method revaluated that highest information value is obtained for Built-up area. A negative relationship was observed for the forest area. The relations between climate data and cases of incidence have shown high correlation with rainfall factors in rainy season but poor correlation with temperature and relative humidity. The present study explores the potential of remotely sensed data and GIS in spatial analysis of factors affecting Dengue epidemic, strong spatial analysis tools of GIS. The capabilities of GIS for analyst spatial factors influencing risk zone has made it possible to apply spatial statistical analysis in Disease risk zone.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.616-622
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• 2010

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognized as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological symptoms. In the spring of 2009, HFMD was epidemic in Korea. Severe cases with complication, including death, have been reported and it has become a public health issue. Most symptomatic EV71 infections commonly result in HFMD or herpangina. These clinical manifestations can be associated with neurologic syndromes frequently. Neurologic syndromes observed in EV71 include meningitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, poliomyelitis-like paralytic disease, Guillain-Barr$\acute{e}$ syndrome, transverse myelitis, cerebellar ataxia, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, benign intracranial hypertension, and brainstem encephalitis. Examinations for EV 71 were performed from the stools, respiratory secretion or CSF of the children by realtime PCR. Gene analysis showed that most of them were caused by EV71 subgenotype C4a which was prevalent in China, 2008. Public health measures including personal and environmental hygiene, must to target daycare centers, kindergartens, and schools where highly susceptible children congregate. To prevent the spread of infection, preschools where transmission persists for more than 2 incubation periods, have been recommended for closure, and trigger criteria for voluntary closure was instituted. During closure, operators are to thoroughly clean the centers before they are allowed to reopen. In addition, parents are advised to ensure that their children adopt a high standard of personal hygiene and to keep the infected child at home until full recovery. Because the outbreaks occur in a cyclical pattern, surveillance system to predict next outbreaks and adequate public health measures to control need to be planned for future. Control of EV71 epidemics through surveillance and public health intervention needs to be maintained in Korea. Future research should focus on understanding of EV71 virulence, identification of the receptor(s) for EV71, development of antiviral agents and development of vaccine.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.42-47
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• 2012

$Mycoplasma$ $pneumoniae$ (MP), the smallest self-replicating biological system, is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, leading to a wide range of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations. MP pneumonia has been reported in 10 to 40% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia and shows an even higher proportion during epidemics. MP infection is endemic in larger communities of the world with cyclic epidemics every 3 to 7 years. In Korea, 3 to 4-year cycles have been observed from the mid-1980s to present. Although a variety of serologic assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques are available for the diagnosis of MP infections, early diagnosis of MP pneumonia is limited by the lack of immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies and variable PCR results in the early stages of the infection. Thus, short-term paired IgM serologic tests may be mandatory for an early and definitive diagnosis. MP infection is usually a mild and self-limiting disease without specific treatment, and if needed, macrolides are generally used as a first-choice drug for children. Recently, macrolide-resistant MP strains have been reported worldwide. However, there are few reports of apparent treatment failure, such as progression of pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome despite macrolide treatment. The immunopathogenesis of MP pneumonia is believed to be a hyperimmune reaction of the host to the insults from MP infection, including cytokine overproduction and immune cell activation (T cells). In this context, immunomodulatory treatment (corticosteroids or/and intravenous Ig), in addition to antibiotic treatment, might be considered for patients with severe infection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1833-1840
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• 2007

Viruses in garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) have accumulated and evolved over generations, resulting in serious consequences for the garlic trade around the world. These viral epidemics are also known to be caused by aphids and eriophyid mites (Aceria tulipae) carrying Potyviruses, Carlaviruses, and Allexiviruses. However, little is known about viral epidemics in garlic plants caused by eriophyid mites. Therefore, this study investigated the infection of garlic plants with Allexiviruses by eriophyid mites. When healthy garlic plants were cocultured with eriophyid mites, the leaves of the garlic plants developed yellow mosaic strips and became distorted. In extracts from the eriophyid mites, Allexiviruses were observed using immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). From an immunoblot analysis, coat proteins against an Allexivirus garlic-virus antiserum were clearly identified in purified extracts from collected viral-infected garlic plants, eriophyid mites, and garlic plants infected by eriophyid mites. A new strain of GarV-B was isolated and named GarV-B Korea isolate 1 (GarV-B1). The ORF1 and ORF2 in GarV-B1 contained a typical viral helicase, RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp), and triple gene block protein (TGBp) for viral movement between cells. The newly identified GarV-B1 was phylogenetically grouped with GarV-C and GarV-X in the Allexivirus genus. All the results in this study demonstrated that eriophyid mites are a transmitter insect species for Allexiviruses.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2012

Fecal specimens from acute gastroenteritis in Seoul from 2003 to 2007 were collected and then tested for the presence of Norovirus by RT-PCR. Among a total of 4,685 samples investigated, 383 samples (8.2%) were positive. The analysis of outbreaks related norovirus contamination occurred from 2003 to 2007 in Seoul revealed 57 cases happened during investigated period. Seasonal prevalence showed winter season predominant characteristics of pattern of epidemics by long term investigation for norovirus infections. The incidence of norovirus infection in the case of acute gastroenteritis by catering food in school were 32%, by food in general restaurant were 29%. This epidemiological investigation in Seoul was strongly needed for control and prevention of outbreaks related with norovirus by forecasting disease epidemics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-187
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• 2010

The concept of latent-gi(伏氣) was first mentioned in Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. For example, Elementary Questions states, "Damage by cold in winter necessarily engenders warm disease in the spring." Zhang Zhong-Jing of Han Dynasty in On Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases mentions warm disease, stating, for example, "Greater yang disease with heat effusion and cough and without aversion to cold is warm disease. If sweating is applied, and there is generalized heat, this is wind warmth." However, the concept of warm disease was not central to his systematic presentation of externally contracted disease which placed the emphasis on wind and cold as the major causes of these diseases. Zhang Zhong-Jing's theories centuries after in the Sung Dynasty were to become the focus of the cold damage school, whereas the concept of warm disease was to become the focus of a rival school, the warm disease school. In the Sui-Tang Period, The Origin and Indications of Disease mentions warm diseases, their causes, patterns, and major principles of treatment. Successive generations of doctors wrote about warm disease, and in the Ming Dynasty writings on the subject become more prolific. This development is attributable on the one hand to the opening up of the south of China where febrile diseases tended to be of a different nature than in the north, and on the other to pestilences arising as a result of wars. In this period, Wu You-Xing in On Warm Epidemics explained in detail the laws governing the origin, development and pattern identification of warm epidemics. Notably, he posed the etiological notion of a contagious perverse gi.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.136-162
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• 1991

This thesis is a study on the change and the process of the development of the hygiene administration during the period of modernization of our nation which promoted by the open door policy of our country chiefly under the pressure of the foreign countries. During that period Korea had reorganized the old political system radically and introduced the western medical system. Through the close study of literature concerning the system of the hygiene administration, the laws of health and hygiene, the environmental sanitation organizations and their practical activities the author obtained the conclusions as following 1. The government passed around 40 laws of health and hygiene from the time when the bureau of hygiene was founded in 1894 to the annex of Korea to Japan. Most of the laws were believed to be established by the enforecement of Japanese government. When the epidemics were prevailing, a decree for the prevention of the epidemics was proclaimed by the Japanese president of the headquarters of national police. It is shown well that the sovereignty of Korea had been deprived. 2. After the armex of Korea to Japan, the hygiene police and the general police belonging to the bureau of national police shared the tasks of health and hygiene. This was a temporary system which had existed just during the colonial period. As for the water-supply which is the most important facility among the various environmental hygiene facilities, the rate of supply was remarkably high in Japanese rather than in Korean. 3. During the period of American military administration, it is notable that the division of hygiene in the bureau of national police was replaced by the bureau of hygiene. This period is regarded as the turning point when hygiene administration was operated by means of education along with the introuction of American system of public health. 4. Ever since the foundation of the republic government, the laws of health and hygiene which had been established during the colonial period have been put into operation without rriuch change except several regulations concerning food.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2012

With the foot-and-mouth disease problems emerging as a serious social issue, this study set out to analyze the problems with the current setting of preventive zones against epidemics and find ways to minimize damage through preventive measures. For those purposes, the study analyzed the outbreaks of the foot-and-mouth disease and assumed that the disease would be transmitted via vehicles along the roads based on the network map of national roads and boundaries among administrative districts to conduct network analysis. The analysis results were then used to estimate spread time, whose results were then categorized according to lineal road distance and actual road distance. Then lineal moving speed and actual moving speed on the road were obtained according to the national roads and administrative districts to analyze the problems with the current method of setting preventive zones against the foot-and-mouth disease. As for spread speed around the areas where the foot-and-mouth disease broke out, the average lineal spread speed was 53.9km/day, and the average spread speed on the road was 71.1km/day, which indicates there are problems with the current method of setting preventive zones against epidemics.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 2003

Through investigation on prescriptions from Dongeuibogam with Radix Puerariae as an ingredient, the following conclusions were reached. The 59 prescriptions with Radix Puerariae as an ingredient are mentioned from chapter of Pediatrics to chapter of Intestinal Convulsions. And 85% of those appears from chapter of Pediatrics to chapter of coughs. Prescriptions with Radix Puerariae as the main ingredient are used for skin diseases, cold, epidemics, abscess, diabetes, stroke, feverish diseases, intestinal diseases, weakness and cough. The dosage of Radix Puerariae varies from 0.875g to 11.25g. 3.75g was the most frequently used dosage which accounts 44%. And those with small dosage of 0.875 to 1.125g were for use on infants or pregnant women. The grounding pathology used for prescriptions with Radix Puerariae as an ingredient appeared to be mostly the pathology related to the Six External Qi. Among this, wind with cold(風寒), wind, cold with heat and humidity(風寒署濕), catching cold(傷寒), successively catching cold(兩感傷寒), cold of the Yangmyung and heat clogging(陽明傷寒火鬱), abnormal weather(時令不正) are the majority. Through the prescriptions with Radix Puerariae as an ingredient, it could be concluded Radix Puerariae that has various functions such as sweating and removing rash(發表透疹), exhalation and curing muscular ache(發散解肌), producing body fluid and ceasing thirst(生津止渴), opening abscess and healing the scar(托瘡生肌), removal of fever(解熱), resolving hangover(醒酒). Seungmagalguntang(升麻葛根湯) is used as the base prescription the most, and various prescriptions and herbs are combined according to the case.