• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.159-166
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• 2010

Trip distribution is to connect travel demand for each OD pair based on travel cost, trip production and attraction derived from trip generation step. In real world the travel cost is a function of travel demand, but existing models could not fully consider such functional relation between travel cost and demand, which leads to an equilibrium in trip distribution model. This paper proves the equilibrium trip distribution by using gravity model. In order to obtain such equilibrium this paper also presents a solution algorithm based on fixed point theorem. The algorithm will be tested with an example and confirmed the equilibrium solution of trip distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 1996

The concepy of positive aging describles the adverse effects of age on the lifetime of units. Various aspects of this concepts are described in terms of conditional probability distribution of residual life times, failure rates, equilibrium distributions, etc. In this paper we will consider some partial ordering relations of life distribution under residual life functions and equilibrium distributions.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2021

Purpose: The transition from a traditional to a modern food distribution system induces several adjustments on the supply side since supermarkets must collect food on a larger scale and with higher quality standards. This situation becomes a real challenge for small scale farmers to access supply in a modern distribution channel. This gives rise to an original solution: supplying supermarkets through farmer associations or cooperatives. Based on this context of Vietnam linking to the case of distribution science, the paper proposes an industrial organization model of the food processing system in developing countries. The model presents the competitive relationship between two competing distribution systems: a traditional and a modern one. The former is composed of several retailers that sell their products on the traditional market while the latter is based on cooperatives that collect food and negotiate with supermarkets. The current study is to discuss the conditions under which the evolution of the food distribution system occurs by using the proposed model. Research design, data, and methodology: Based on the proposed model, the study explored the quantity flow from small producers to consumers through a Nash equilibrium and address the question of farmer repartition by a free-entry equilibrium. Results: The result shows that there is a unique positive equilibrium in the food market with participation of cooperative associations; Since farmers serve cooperative associations, they not only receive quantity incentive prices but also share profits within their organization. Conclusions: This study shows a unique distribution equilibrium where the profits of farmers working for middlemen and cooperatives are maximized. Further insights were discussed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1489-1497
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• 2003

Aerosol charge neutralizers with various radioactive sources have been used to apply an equilibrium charge distribution to aerosols of unknown charge distribution. However, the performance of aerosol charge neutralizers is not well known, especially for highly charged particles. Measurements of highly charged particles are needed in air cleaning devices, e.g. electrostatic precipitator, bag filter with a pre-charger, and electrical cyclone. In this study, the particle charging characteristics of two different aerosol charge neutralizers were experimentally investigated for singly charged monodisperse particles and highly charged polydisperse particles. One has radioactive source of $^{85}$ Kr (beta source, 2 mCi) and the other has $^{210}$ Po (alpha source, 0,5 mCi). The air flow rate passing through each aerosol charge neutralizer was changed from 0.2 to 2.5 L/min. The results show that the charge distribution of singly charged monodisperse particles passing through the $^{85}$ Kr aerosol charge neutralizer is well agreed with the Boltzmann equilibrium charge distribution at an air flow rate of 0.3 L/min, However, it deviates from the equilibrium charge distribution when the air flow rates are 0.6, 1,0, and 1,5 L/min, On the other hands, the effect of air flow rate is insignificant for the $^{210}$ Po aerosol charge neutralizer. The non-equilibrium character in charge distribution of highly charged polydisperse particles passing through the $^{85}$ Kr aerosol charge neutralizer greatly depends on the air flow rate, however it is insensitive to the air flow rate for the $^{210}$ Po aerosol charge neutralizer.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.17-28
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• 2014

The paper deals with the impact of the product distribution and information technology sectors on energy resource use, carbon emissions and economic growth by examining the long-run equilibrium relationships and Granger causal relationships among these variables in South Korea. The quarterly time series data from the first quarter of 1970 to the third quarter of 2010 (163 observations) are collected and retrieved from the Bank of Korea database. The paper examines the long-run equilibrium relationships using cointegration techniques and Granger causality using vector error correction models. Test results indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship exists among these variables. In testing directional causality, both the product distribution and the information technology sectors show direct effects on economic growth but only marginal effects on carbon emissions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 1989

The network equilibrium theory is to estimate the travel choices on a transportation network when the resulting travel times and costs are one basis for the choices. Increasing use of this principle on travel assignment problem lead to develop the combined choice models including not only travel options such as mode and route, but location options like trip distribution problems. This paper, first, reviews earlier developments of variable demand network equilibrium models, combined modeles of trip distribution and assignment, and entropy constrained combined models. Then various model structures of combining travel choice models based on network equilibrium theory and entropy constraints are discussed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.39-46
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• 2015

Purpose - In Korea, there has been a recent trend that shows housing prices have risen rapidly following the International Monetary Fund crisis. The rapid rise in housing prices is spreading recognition of this as a factor in housing price volatility. In addition, this raises the expectations of housing prices in the future. These expectations are based on the assumption that a relationship exists between the current housing prices and expected housing prices in the real estate industry. By performing an empirical analysis on the validity of the claim that an increase in current housing prices can be correlated with expected housing prices, this study examines whether a long-term equilibrium relationship exists between expected housing prices and existing housing prices. If such a relationship exists, the recovery of equilibrium from disequilibrium is analyzed to derive related implications. Research design, data, and methodology - The relationship between current housing prices and expected housing prices was analyzed empirically using the Vector Error Correction Model. This model was applied to the co-integration test, the long-term equilibrium equation among variables, and the causality test. The housing prices used in the analysis were based on the National Housing Price Trend Survey released by Kookmin Bank. Additionally, the Index of Industrial Product and the Consumer Price Index were also used and were obtained from the Bank of Korea ECOS. The monthly data analyzed were from January 1987 to May 2015. Results - First, a long-term equilibrium relationship was established as one co-integration between current housing price distribution and expected housing prices. Second, the sign of the long-term equilibrium relationship variable was consistent with the theoretical sign, with the elasticity of housing price distribution to expected housing price, the industrial production, and the consumer price volatility revealed as 1.600, 0.104,and 0.092, respectively. This implies that the long-term effect of expected housing price volatility on housing price distribution is more significant than that of the industrial production and consumer price volatility. Third, the sign of the coefficient of the error correction term coincided with the theoretical sign. The absolute value of the coefficient of the correction term in the industrial production equation was 0.006, significantly larger than the coefficients for the expected housing price and the consumer price equation. In case of divergence from the long-term equilibrium relationship, the state of equilibrium will be restored through changes in the interest rate. Fourth, housing-price volatility was found to be causal to expected housing price, and was shown to be bi-directionally causal to industrial production. Conclusions - Based on the finding of this study, it is required to relieve the association between current housing price distribution and expected housing price by using property taxes and the loan-to-value policy to stabilize the housing market. Further, the relationship between housing price distribution and expected housing price can be examined and tested using a sophisticated methodology and policy variables.

• 대한방사선치료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.7-7
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• 1996

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Magnetic properties of CoPt nanoparticles (average size = 2.1 nm) encapsulated in synthesized protein shell have been investigated with SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometer and analyzed by the recently developed non-equilibrium magnetization calculation by our group [T. H. Lee et al., Phys. Rev. B 90, 184411 (2014)]. Field dependence of magnetization measured at 2 K was successfully analyzed with modified Langevin function. In addition, small hysteresis loops having the coercive field of 890 Oe were observed at 2 K. Temperature dependence of magnetization has been measured with zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) protocol with slightly modified sequence in accordance with non-equilibrium magnetization calculation. The analysis on the M vs. T data revealed that the anisotropy energy barrier distribution is found to be very different from the log-normal distribution found in a size distribution. Zero temperature coercive field and Bloch coefficient have also been extracted from the analysis and the validity of those values is checked.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.53-60
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• 2019

Purpose - The objective of this paper is to discover if there exists a relationship between the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean. Because of the distribution industry boom in the recent years, a lot of interest in the relationship between the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean and the economy has been generated. This article examine on the mutual influence between economic index and distribution industry index in Korean. Research design, data, and methodology - For this purpose, we use the vector-auto regression model, impulse response function and variance decomposition of the economic index and distribution industry index, Granger causality test using weekly data on the economic index and distribution industry price index in korea. The sample period is covering from January 2, 2010 to August 31, 2019. The VAR model can also be linked to cointegration analysis. Cointegration Analysis makes possible to find a mechanism causing x and y to move around a long-run equilibrium (Engle and Granger, 1987). This equilibrium means that external shocks may separate the series temporarily at any particular time, but there will be an overall tendency towards some type of long-run equilibrium. If variables are found to have this tendency they are said to be cointegrated and a long-run relationship between these series is established. These econometric tools have been applied widely into economics and business areas to analyze intertemporal linkages between different time series. Results - This research showed following main results. First, from the basic statistic analysis of the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean, the economic index and the distribution industry index in korea have unit roots. Second, there is at least one cointegration between the economic index and distribution industry index in Korean. Finally, the correlation between of the economic index and the distribution industry index in korea is (+) 0.528876. Conclusions - We find that the distribution industry price index Granger cause the economic index in korea. As a consequence, the distribution industry index affect the economic index in Korean. The distribution industry index to the economic index is stronger than that from the economic index to the distribution industry index.