• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.295-305
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• 2005

In this paper, we investigate exchange ideals and get some new characterization of exchange rings. It is shown that an ideal I of a ring R is an exchange ideal if and only if so is $QM_2$(I). Also we observe that every exchange ideal can be characterized by exchange elements.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 2003

The food composition tables are frequently used to health and nutrition practices. But it is difficult to find out food exchange lists with food exchange groups in the food composition table. Over 2500 items and many kinds of nutrients are in the food composition table. But now food exchange lists are used a few foods. The internet demands the users needs for obtaining more food exchange lists and nutrient information from food composition. This basic study is to solve the users need and the supply more efficient and effective manipulation system for e-food exchange database construction and search system:ENECC/e-food exchnage(E-Nutrition Education and Couseling Center/e-food exchange). This paper introduces the food exchange database construction and search system(ENECC/e-food exchange) using the formula which calculates the food exchange quantity of 6 food exchange groups and added one extra groups(alcohol) based on the internet. The ENECC/e-food exchange database is basically based on the 6th food composition table(2001) of the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration, Korea. The e-food exchange database are consisted of 2,261 foods in 6 basic food groups and one extra groups by using ENECC calculating formula. Also, the e-food exchange database has the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content such as energy, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, retinol equivalent, retinol, â-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, refuse per 100g of each food.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.181-200
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• 2017

This study investigates the impact of exchange rate and exchange rate volatility on the stock prices of eight industries from 2006 to 2015. The first and second exchange rate exposure of these eight industries is estimated with respect to four different exchange rates, namely the US dollar, Japanese yen, European currency unit, and British pound. In exchange rate exposure, stock prices in foods-beverages, paper-wood, electricity-gas, and banks industries are negatively related to exchange rate, whereas stock prices in electrical-electronic equp. and transport-equp. industries are positively related to exchange rate as expected. However stock price in machinery industry is negatively related to exchange rate, which is opposite to the expectation. Negative relationship is found between stock price in chemicals industry and exchange rate. In exchange rate volatility exposure, stock price in paper-wood industry is found to be negatively related to exchange rate volatility. Stock price in banks industry is also negatively related to exchange rate volatility. This result is opposite as expected, because banks are supposed to get more revenue by issuing derivatives related to foreign exchange when exchange rate volatility increases.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.2235-2239
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• 2010

In this study, The cation exchange membrane and the anion exchange membrane affect in electrical conduction of metal fuel cell was investigated. Magnesium material as anode electrode and the NaCl solution dissolved with 5~15wt% as electrolyte were used for the metal fuel cell. It was found that magnesium slag where flows toward the air electrode was suppressed by using ion exchange membrane. The open circuit voltage variation during discharge has very flat pattern by using ion exchange membrane, but the case which is not the exchange membrane, the open circuit voltage increased according to time. When using the anion exchange membrane, the electric current was higher case of the cation exchange membrane, as a result of higher equivalent conductivity in anion Cl-. The cation exchange membrane was observed with the fact that the output power is excellent in compared with anion exchange membrane.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

Exchange of information is essential to the process of innovation such as product development. However, in many cases innovation fails because of a lack of knowledge sharing among parties concerned, even if parties individually have pieces of useful knowledge and skills. Besides physical factors like communication costs, the possibility of opportunistic behavior by parties like stealing ideas can discourage information exchange. This paper introduces a model to analyze incentives of information exchange. The model is a game by two players who alternately opt to offer information to the partner. It is suggested that information exchange can stop before reaching the efficient level. In order to attain the efficient information exchange, expectation of mutual benefit and absence of opportunistic motives in both players are needed. Methods for promoting information exchange include modifying payoff structure to meet the condition of information exchange. The fluidity of partnership may increase a variety of information exchange partners, but discourage building trust between partners which promotes information exchange.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.79-87
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• 2016

Purpose - Since 1990, the sudden stop in capital flows has caused the economic crisis. The purpose of this research is to suggest the policy measures to mitigate the risk of the sudden stop in capital flows. To this end, we examine the theoretical framework and analyze the case study for countries which are faced with the sudden stop. Also we examine the structural problems of the foreign exchange market in Korea and derive the policy implications to prevent the sudden stop. Research design, data, and methodology - The criteria of whether the sudden stop in capital flows occurs are based upon Calvo et al. (2008). In case the proxy variable for the balance of capital account decreases from the average by over twice standard deviation, we determine that the sudden stop occurs for that country. The sample period is from January 1990 to December 2008, as in Calvo (2014). The sample countries are 17 developed countries and 19 emerging market countries, which are different from those of the previous papers as Agosin and Huaita (2012), and Calvo (2014). When the exchange market pressure index(EMPI) is deviated from the average by over three times standard deviation, we determine that the foreign exchange market is unstable for that country. Results - We find that the characteristics of the sudden stop in capital flows are the bunching or contagion among countries, the rapid drop in real effective exchange rate, and the huge decrease in foreign exchange reserves. Many countries tried to increase foreign exchange reserves and regulate capital flows. Also the foreign exchange market in Korea are found to be the volatile exchange rate, the vulnerable external debt and careless management of the foreign exchange derivatives transaction risk. Conclusions - To lessen the risk in the sudden stop of capital flows, this research suggests the some useful policy measures. To enhance the foreign exchange and distribution market stability, we should improve the price mechanism of exchange rate, hold the appropriate level of foreign exchange reserves, prevent excessive inflows of foreign exchange and promote sound transactions of foreign exchange derivatives.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.629-636
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• 2020

This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that affect foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. We consider the variables of external debt, exchange rate, inflation, and exports as explanatory factors referring to previous studies. We apply the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to time-series data retrieved from the Central Bank of Indonesia (BI), the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and International Monetary Funds (IMF) from January 2016 to December 2018. Our results show that foreign debt, exchange rates, inflation, and exports significantly affect the simultaneous fluctuation of foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. Partially, foreign debt has a significant and positive effect on foreign exchange reserves. The exchange rate has a significant and negative effect on foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. However, our findings explain that inflation does not significantly affect foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia, and exports have a significant and positive effect on foreign exchange reserves. This study is expected to be useful to policymakers in managing foreign exchange reserves, so the economy of Indonesia can grow sustainably. One of the exciting things in this study lies in the model that uses the Autoregressive Distributed Log, which can explain long-term relationships through adjusted coefficient and cointegration tests.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.469-491
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• 2016

In this paper, we estimate the exchange rate exposure, indicating the effect of exchange rate movements on firm values, for a sample of 1,400 firms in seven East Asian countries. The exposure estimates based on various exchange rate variables, return horizons and a control variable are compared. A key result from our analysis is that the long term effect of exchange rate movements on firm values is greater than the short term effect. And we find very similar results from using other exchange rate variables such as the U.S. dollar exchange rate, etc. Second, we add exchange rate volatility as a control variable and find that the extent of exposure is not much changed. Third, we examine the changes in exposure to exchange rate volatility with an increase in return horizon. Consequently the ratio of firms with significant exposures increases with the return horizons. Interestingly, the increase of exposure with the return horizons is faster for exposure to volatility than for exposure to exchange rate itself. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that the socalled "exposure puzzle" may be a matter of the methodology used to measure exposure.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-47
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• 2022

This study uses monthly data from January 2009 to December 2020 to examine the effectiveness of foreign currency intervention and its influence on monetary policy in Vietnam using a Hierarchical Bayesian VAR model. The findings suggest that foreign exchange intervention has little influence on the exchange rate level or exports, but it can significantly minimize exchange rate volatility. As a result, we can demonstrate that the claim that Vietnam is a currency manipulator is false. As well, the forecast error variance decomposition results reveal that interest rate differentials mainly determine the exchange rate level instead of foreign exchange intervention. Moreover, the findings suggest that foreign exchange intervention is not effectively sterilized in Vietnam. Inflation is caused by an increase in international reserves, which leads to an expansion of the money supply and a decrease in interest rates. Although the impact of foreign exchange intervention grows in tandem with the growth of international reserves, if the sterilizing capacity does not improve, rising foreign exchange intervention will instead result in inflation. Finally, we use a rolling window approach to examine the time-varying effect of foreign exchange intervention.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

To change permselectivity between anions through the anion exchange membrane in electrodialysis, the various modified anion exchange membranes were prepared: highly crosslinked anion exchange membranes, anion exchange membranes having benzyl trialkylammonium groups with different carbon number of alkyl chain as anion exchange groups and anion exchange membranes having pyridinium groups with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic substituent at a different position as anion exchange groups. It became clear from the evaluation of these membranes that the degree of the hydrophilicity of the anion exchange membranes greatly affects the permselectivity between two artions. To increase the hydrophiticity of the anion exchange membranes further, electrodialysis was carried out in the presence of ethylene glycols and the permeation of strongly hydrated anions increased and that of less-hydrated anions decreased. It became clear that the change in the permselectivity between two artions is due to the change in the affinity of anions to the membranes, not the change in mobility ratio of the anions in the membranes phase.