• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.427-433
• /
• 2021

Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2, also known as GPR43), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been known to recognize short-chain fatty acids and regulate inflammatory responses. FFA2 gene deficiency exacerbated disease states in several models of inflammatory conditions including asthma. However, in vivo efficacy of FFA2 agonists has not been tested in allergic asthma. Thus, we investigated effect of 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazoylylbenzeneacetanilide (4-CMTB), a FFA2 agonist, on antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells and ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in BALB/c mice. Treatment of 4-CMTB inhibited the antigen-induced degranulation concentration-dependently. Administration of 4-CMTB decreased the immune cell numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and suppressed the expression of inflammatory Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in the lung tissues. Histological studies revealed that 4-CMTB suppressed mucin production and inflammation in the lungs. Thus, results proved that FFA2 functions to suppress allergic asthma, suggesting 4-CMTB activation of FFA2 as a therapeutic tool for allergic asthma.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.267-271
• /
• 2020

Gut microbiota produce dietary metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2, formerly known as GPR43) is a specific receptor for short-chain fatty acids, such as acetate that regulates inflammatory responses. However, the therapeutic potential of FFA2 agonists for treatment of atopic dermatitis has not been investigated. We investigated the efficacy of the FFA2 agonist, 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazoylylbenzeneacetanilide (4-CMTB), for treatment of atopic dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Long-term application of DNCB to the ears of mice resulted in significantly increased IgE in the serum, and induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, characterized by mast cell accumulation and skin tissue hypertrophy. Treatment with 4-CMTB (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly suppressed DNCB-induced changes in IgE levels, ear skin hypertrophy, and mast cell accumulation. Treatment with 4-CMTB reduced DNCB-induced increases in Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) levels in the ears, but did not alter Th1 or Th17 cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-17) levels. Furthermore, 4-CMTB blocked DNCB-induced lymph node enlargement. In conclusion, activation of FFA2 ameliorated DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis, which suggested that FFA2 is a therapeutic target for atopic dermatitis.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2019

Although the functions of a standardized extract of Gingko biloba leaves (EGb $761^{(R)}$) has been reported with regard to neurobiological properties, no attention has been paid to the impact of EGb $761^{(R)}$ on the neuronal regulation of energy homeostasis. To evaluate the hypothesis that EGb $761^{(R)}$ affect the secretion of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and the activation of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4), which are involved in the neuronal circuitries that control energy homeostasis by inducing the transfer of information about the influx of energy to the brain, we examined whether EGb $761^{(R)}$ can stimulate PYY secretion in the enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells and if EGb $761^{(R)}$ can activate FFA4 in FFA4-expressing cells. In NCI-H716 cells, EGb $761^{(R)}$ stimulated PYY secretion and the EGb $761^{(R)}$-induced PYY secretion was involved in the increase in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration and the activation of FFA4. Furthermore, in FFA4-expressing cells, EGb $761^{(R)}$ activated FFA4. These results suggest that EGb $761^{(R)}$ may affect the control of energy homeostasis via the regulation of PYY secretion and FFA4 activation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2014

Background: Understanding what causes changes in the flux of free fatty acids (FFA) is important to elucidate the etiology of metabolic syndrome. The first aim of this study was to test whether or not hormones and the autonomic nervous system influence blood FFA levels. A secondary aim was to test by means of a multiple group path analysis whether the consumption of fermented red ginseng (FRG; Panax ginseng) would influence those causal relationships. Methods: Ninety-three postmenopausal women (age 50e73 yr) were randomly divided into two groups. One group (44 women; age, $58.4{\pm}5.9yr$; body mass index, $3.6{\pm}2.5kg/m^2$) was supplied place capsules and the other group (49 women, age $58.4{\pm}5.5yr$; body mass index, $22.9{\pm}2.4kg/m^2$) was supplied FRG capsules. Both prior to and after the study (2 wk), blood samples were collected from the participants and several blood variables were measured and analyzed. Results: Squared multiple correlations of FFA were 0.699 in the placebo group and 0.707 in the FRG group. The unstandardized estimate of estradiol (E2) for FFA was 0.824 in both groups. Conclusion: The path coefficients of cortisol and the branchial pulse for FFA were significantly different between the FRG group and the placebo group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.526-529
• /
• 1990

Free fatty acids of two brands of domestic butter were isolated directly by a modified silicic acid column chromatography, and were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. $C_{18}$ FFA congeners $(C_{18_0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2}\;and\;C_{18:3})$ were the predominant components (52.83% in brand A and 47.50% in brand B), followed by $C_{16}$FFA (29.39% in brand A and 30.52% in brand B) and $C_{14}$FFA (11.85% in brand A and 13.76% in brand B). The other FFA were present as minor components (0.29-3.87%). Concentrations of four FFA $(C_4,\;C_6,\;C_{10}\;and\;C_{12})$FFA which would be expected to contribute strongly to hydrolytic rancidity off-flavors were below individual threshold level, except $C_4FFA$ (56 ppm) in butter B.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.1 no.1 s.1
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 1965

1. In the tortoise, Amyda japonica, a cold-blooded animal readily available in this country, the role of catecholamines in the regulation of free fatty acids(FFA) metabolism was investigated in both in vivo and in vitro studies. 2. Norepinephrine elevated both FFA and glucose levels in plasma. 3. When $50{\mu}g/kg$ of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Isopropylarterenol were administered intravenously, the relative effectiveness of mobilizing FFA was in the descending order of potency-Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Isopropylarterenol. 4. In order to exclude the 'tonic influence of the endogenous catecholamines', reserpine was given to some animals. Two days after the reserpine-treatment, glucose showed a significant increase over the solely vehicle treated controls, FFA but an insignificant one. Excised auricles from those animals showed a diminished response to tyramine. Seven days after the treatment, however, when the depletion of catecholamines from the tissue stores seemed to be complete, judged from the absence of the response of isolated auricles to tyramine, both FFA and glucose levels were definitely lowered. 5. In in vitro experiments Epinephrine enhanced the FFA-release from the adipose tissue. The effect increased proportionately with the concentration until a maximal effect was attained at a concentration of 1x $10^5$ g/ml. 6. The order of potency in releasing FFA from adipose tissue in vitro was the same as in vitro, i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Isopropylarterenol, but the differences were much less marked. 7. Ergotamine exerted no lipolytic action, but inhibited the lipolytic effect ef Epinephrine significantly. 8. Nethalide showed a slight lipolytic effect per se but inhibited the Epinephrine-induced lipolysis significantly. 9. Catecholamines play an important role in regulating FFA metabolism in the cold-blooded animal, just as in the warm-blooded animals, and the tortoise, Amyda japonica, may be used in the studies of fat metabolism as well as the rat.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.44 no.9
• /
• pp.502-509
• /
• 2007

This paper investigated how Fine Fly Ash (FFA) with $14,000\;cm^2/g$ of Fineness affects the micro structure and material properties of High-Performance Concrete (HPC) before and after hardening from Material Test of HPC and Cement Paste. FFA is applied as a substitute of Silica Fume which is used necessarily in producing HPC. As a Material Test results, 5% FFA series specimen shows the lower fluidity than SF series specimen. When, however, the Fluidity of 10% FFA series specimen is increased reversely to the similar value of SF series specimen. The Porosity of FFA series specimen of 3 day age is displayed to $21{\sim}24%$, which is higher than $19{\sim}20%$ porosity of SF series specimen, while that of 28 day age is reached to $8{\sim}9%$, which is improved compared with 10% fo SF series specimen. It can be thought that FFA has better influence on the porosity of HPC in case of long term age. The Compressive strength of FFA series specimen shows the similar result with the property of porosity. The compressive strength of 28 day age FFA series specimen is $98{\sim}106%$ of SF series specimen and 107% of plain specimen to reveal better strength development.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 1981

To elucidate the effect of ginseng saponin on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, ginseng saponin was administered before and after administration of adrenaline, and concentration of glucose, triglyceride(TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) as well as lipase activity in plasma was determined. 1) Glucose concentration was slightly increased by administration of ginseng saponin at 1 hour before and 10 minutes after adrenaline administration, but decreased by administration of ginseng saponin at 7 and 4 hours before adrenaline administration. TG and FFA concentration was also greatly inhibited by administration of ginseng saponin in advance. 2) When gineseng saponin 3, 10, 30mg/kg were administered 7 hours before adrenaline administration, glucose and TG concentration as well as lipase activity were inhibited in proportion to the dose of ginseng saponin, but FFA concentration was slightly inhibited. 3) It was suggested that protopanaxatriol group have potentiating effect on adrenaline induced hyperglycemia but protopanaxadiol group have inhibitory effect. And ginseng saponin seems to have strong inhibitory action on TG mobilization into blood and stimulatory effect on esterification of FFA in liver and adipose tissue.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2008

The average milk fat content in goat milk was 3.88% on yearly basis. The milk fat content of 3.8% during summer season was lower than 4.2% during winter season. Total solid content increased in proportion to milk fat. When goat milk was stored at 4℃ for 24 hr, short-chain FFA(C4:0~C10:0) and medium- and long-chain FFA(C12:0~C18:1) increased about 106% and 203%, respectively. Induced lipolysis of goat milk by homogenization increased short-chain FFA and medium- and long-chain FFA by 22% and 199%. When goat milk was treated with calf lipase, there was increase of short-chain FFA by 9 times greater than increase of medium- and long-chain FFA by 5.6 times. Treatment with lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens resulted in increase of medium- and long-chain FFA by 34 and 162 times, respectively, which was greater than increase of short-chain FFA by 6 and 14 times, respectively. Lipolysis in goat milk stored at 4℃ for 24 hr was correlated with LPL activity in goat milk(r=0.5635). Off-flavor of goat milk was correlated with LPL activity(r=0.5777). Milk fat content was negatively correlated with LPL activity(r=－0.4627). Palmitic acid content in goat milk was correlated with off-flavor(r=0.7226).

• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.420-425
• /
• 2011

Addition effects of free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, monoacylglycerol (MAG), sesamol, and aqueous extracts of sesame seed meal (ASM) on the changes of sesamol and sesamolin were determined in thermally oxidized sesame oil (SO) at 180$^{\circ}C$ for 90 min. Sesamol and sesamolin in SO were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As the concentration of FFA and MAG in SO increased up to 10% (w/w), the concentration of sesamol increased significantly by 0.94 and 0.70 mM, respectively (p < 0.05) whereas sesamol in control samples increased by 0.09 mM for 90 min oxidation. Sesamolin in 10% MAG and FFA added SO significantly decreased by 15 and 18%, respectively (p < 0.05) compared to control samples. Sesamolin in SO with addition of 1.5 and 2.5 mM sesamol were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Addition effects of ASM on the changes of sesamol and sesamolin in SO were not constant during thermal treatment. Conversion of sesamol from sesamolin in SO during thermal treatment seemed to be influenced by the presence of FFA and MAG.