• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.918-922
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• 2009

Naturally, block mapping FTL works well for sequential writes while page mapping FTL does well for random writes. To exploit their advantages, a practical FTL should be able to selectively apply a suitable scheme between page and block mappings for each write pattern. To meet that requirement, we propose a hybrid mapping FTL, which we call Janus-FTL, that distributes data to either block or page mapping areas. Also, we propose the fusion operation to relocate the data from block mapping area to page mapping area and the defusion operation to relocate the data from page mapping area to block mapping area. And experimental results of Janus-FTL show performance improvement of maximum 50% than other hybrid mapping FTLs.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.483-490
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• 2005

Recently, flash memory is widely used in embedded applications since it has strong points: non-volatility, fast access speed, shock resistance, and low power consumption. However, due to its hardware characteristics, it requires a software layer called FTL(flash translation layer). The main functionality of FTL is to convert logical addresses from the host to physical addresses of flash memory We present a new FTL algorithm called STAFF(State Transition Applied Fast Flash Translation Layer). Compared to the previous FTL algorithms, STAFF shows five times higher performance than basic block mapping scheme and requires less memory. We provide performance results based on our implementation of STAFF and previous FTL algorithms.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2023

Recently, in order to store and manage big data, research and development of a high-performance storage system capable of stably accessing large data have been actively conducted. In particular, storage systems in data centers and enterprise environments use large amounts of SSD (solid state disk) to manage large amounts of data. In general, SSD uses FTL(flash transfer layer) to hide the characteristics of NAND flash memory, which is a medium, and to efficiently manage data. However, FTL's algorithm has a limitation in using DRAM more to manage the location information of NAND where data is stored as the capacity of SSD increases. Therefore, this paper introduces FTL policies that apply virtual memory to reduce DRAM resources used in FTL. The virtual memory-based FTL policy proposed in this paper manages the map data by using LRU (least recently used) policy to load the mapping information of the recently used data into the DRAM space and store the previously used information in NAND. Finally, through experiments, performance and resource usage consumed during data write processing of virtual memory-based FTL and general FTL are measured and analyzed.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.333-337
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• 2007

Flash Translation Layer(FTL) which enables NAND Flash memory-based storage system to be used as a block device is designed considering only characteristics of NAND Flash memory. However, since FTL precesses I/O requests which survived against buffer replacement algorithm, FTL algorithm has tight relationship with buffer replacement algorithm. Therefore, if we do not consider both FTL and buffer replacement algorithms, it is difficult to predict the actual I/O performance of the computer systems that have Flash memory-based storage system. The necessity of FTL and buffer replacement algorithm co-design arises here. In this work, we implemented I/O performance evaluation tool, IPSiNS, which simulates both the buffer replacement and FTL algorithms, simultaneously.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06b
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• pp.458-461
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• 2011

모바일 디바이스 저장 장치로 많이 사용되고 있는 플래시 메모리는 가벼운 무게, 내구성, 낮은 전력 소비 등의 장점을 가지고 사용되기 시작하였으며 근래에는 모바일 뿐 아니라 다양한 멀티 미디어 디바이스 전반의 많은 제품에 채용되어 더욱 더 그 범위가 확산되는 추세에 있다. 플래시 메모리는 위에서 언급한 많은 장점이 있지만 기존에 사용되던 디스크와 달리 플래시 메모리 블록을 재사용하기 위해서는 삭제 후 쓰기라는 별도의 연산을 필요로 한다. 이를 FTL (Flash Translation Layer) 이라는 S/W 모듈을 통해 구현되어 있으며 FTL의 구현 알고리즘에 따라 소용되는 연산 비용 또한 상이하며 그 특성과 성능이 매우 다양하게 나타난다. 일반적으로 리눅스에서 FTL은 커널 내부에 구현되어 디바이스 드라이버 형태로 존재하며 일반적인 S/W 개발자보다는 플래시 및 커널 관련 전문지식을 가진 시스템 개발자가 구현을 하게 된다. 이 논문에서는 커널 및 시스템에 대한 깊은 지식 없이도 새롭게 고안된 FTL 알고리즘을 쉽고 빠르게 구현, 검증할 수 있도록 커널이 아닌 사용자 공간에 FTL을 구현하여 빠른 시간 내에 착안된 알고리즘을 실험, 검증할 수 있는 UFTL(User Space Flash Translation Layer) 개발 플랫폼올 제안한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.566-569
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• 2011

플래시 메모리는 많은 장점들로 인하여 저장장치로써 각광을 받고 있다. 하지만 그런 장점들과 더불어 약점이 있기 때문에 이를 보안하기 위하여 많은 FTL 기법들이 연구되었다. FTL은 주소 변환 테이블을 플래시 메모리에 기록하고 SRAM에 유지해야 한다. 이것은 플래시 메모리의 용량이 급격하게 증가하면서 주소 변환 테이블의 크기도 함께 증가하여 비용상 문제가 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 플래시 메모리를 관리할 때 페이지 기반 FTL 기법을 사용하여 데이터가 플래시 메모리에 어떤 위치던지 자유롭게 저장되게 함으로써 저장 효율을 높였다. 또한 SRAM의 크기를 줄이기 위하여 페이지 기반 주소 변환 테이블 전체를 SRAM에 올리는 것이 아닌 필요한 부분만 페이지 변환 캐시 에 올리고 나머지 주소 변환 테이블은 플래시 메모리에 로그블록 FTL 기법으로 기록하였다. 이러한 이중적인 FTL 기법을 적용함으로써 제안한 기법은 페이지 기반 DFTL 기법과 비교하여 반응 시간은 56.9% 감소하였고 SRAM의 사용량은 10% 정도로 유지하였다.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2012

SSDs(Solid State Drives) have many attractive features such as high performance, low power consumption, shock resistance, and low weight, so they replace HDDs to a certain extent. An SSD has FTL(Flash Translation Layer) which emulate block storage devices like HDDs. A garbage collection, one of major functions of FTL, effects highly on the performance and the lifetime of SSDs. However, there is no de facto standard for new garbage collection algorithms. To solve this problem, we propose trace driven offline optimal algorithms for garbage collection of FTL. The proposed algorithm always guarantees minimal number of erase operation. In addition, we verify our proposed algorithm using TPC trace.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.35-40
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• 2010

NAND flash memory has been widely used than traditional HDD in PDA and other mobile devices, embedded systems, PC because of faster access speed, low power consumption, vibration resistance and other benefits. DiskSim and other HDD simulators has been developed that for find improvements for the software or hardware. But there is a few Linux-based simulators for NAND flash memory and SSD. There is necessary for Windows-based NAND flash simulator because storage devices and PC using Windows. This paper describe for development of simulator-NFSim for FTL performance analysis in NAND flash. NFSim is used to measure performance of various FTL algorithms and FTL wear-level. NAND flash memory model and FTL algorithm developed using Windows Driver Model and class for scalability. There is no need for another tools because NFSim using graph tool for data measure of FTL performance.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.213-225
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• 2007

Flash memory is widely used as a storage device for potable equipments such as digital cameras, MP3 players and cellular phones because of its characteristics such as its large volume and nonvolatile feature, low power consumption, and good performance. However, a block in flash memories should be erased to write because of its hardware characteristic which is called as erase-before-write architecture. The erase operation is much slower than read or write operations. FTL is used to overcome this problem. We compared the performance of the existing FTL algorithms on Windows-based OS. We have developed a tool called FTL APAT in order to gather I/O patterns of the disk and analyze the performance of the FTL algorithms. It is the log buffer scheme with full associative sector translation(FAST) that the performance is best.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.794-797
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• 2014

스마트 디바이스의 사용량 증가와 더불어 각종 가전기기의 스마트화로 인하여 임베디드 시스템에서 주로 사용되는 SQLite 데이터베이스에 대한 동시적 접근 제어의 중요성이 증가하였다. 플래시 메모리 저장장치 단계에서 트랜잭션의 원자성올 제공하는 X-FTL 은 SQLite 의 저널링 모드에서 발생하는 쓰기 연산으로 인한 성능 저하를 해결하였다. 또한 페이지 단위로 트랜잭션의 원자성을 관리하는 X-FTL 의 특징을 이용한다면 동시성 제어 측면의 성능 향상을 기대할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 X-FTL 을 사용할 때 발생할 수 있는 동시성 제어 성능의 한계를 밝히고, X-FTL 의 X-L2P 테이블에 SCN 을 추가하여 SQLite 의 동시성 제어 성능을 향상할 수 있는 새로운 구조를 제안한다.