• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.40
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• pp.20.1-20.10
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• 2018

Background: In the absence of clear guidelines for facial aesthetic surgery, most surgeons rely on expert intuitive judgement when planning aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. One of the most famous theories regarding "ideal" facial proportions is that of the golden proportion. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether it can be used to assess facial attractiveness. The aim of this investigation was to assess facial ratios of professional black models and to compare the ratios with the golden proportion. Methods: Forty photographs of male and female professional black models were collected. Observers were asked to assign a score from 1 to 10 (1 = not very attractive, 10 = very attractive). A total of 287 responses were analysed for grading behaviour according to various demographic factors by two groups of observers. The best graded photographs were compared with the least well-graded photographs to identify any differences in their facial ratios. The models' facial ratios were calculated and compared with the golden proportion. Results: Differences in grading behaviour were observed amongst the two assessment groups. Only one out of the 12 facial ratios was not significantly different from the golden proportion. Conclusions: Only one facial ratio was observed to be similar to the golden proportion in professional model facial photographs. No correlation was found between facial ratios in professional black models with the golden proportion. It is proposed that an individualistic treatment for each ratio is a rather better method to guide future practice.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1978

The growth changes in craniofacial depth and height from seven to eleven years of age have been studied in thirty two Korean children, consisted of seventeen boys and fifteen girls. The data was obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs analyzed by the Coben's coordinate system, and the main conclusions might be summarized as follows. 1. Among the craniofacial depth increments the lower facial depth dimension increased the most, mid-facial depth dimension increased loss, and cranial depth dimension increased the least. 2. In spite of the increasing depth dimensions, the mid-facial depth proportion had a tendency to remain stable. 3. The degree of overbite increased markedly from seven to eleven years of age. 4. Increment in the total anterior facial height dimension was larger than that in the total posterior facial height, and the upper anterior facial height increased more than the lower anterior facial height. 5. The lower facial depth proportion increased markedly, and the convexity of the face was reduced significantly. 6. The posterior facial height tended to show small proportional changes. 7. The growth increments in craniofacial complex were larger in the facial height than in the facial depth.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2024

This study aimed to analyze whether the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected the characteristics of first-visit patients with peripheral facial palsy (PFP) and observe changes in their characteristics. This study analyzed the electronic medical records of 2,310 first-visit patients with PFP who visited the Facial Palsy Center, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021, in terms of demographic characteristics, disease phase, residence locations, hospital visit route, and patient care. During COVID-19, the proportion of acute patients increased by 5.3%, the proportion of visits by residents in Seoul increased by 3.8%, and the proportion of patients receiving only outpatient treatments increased by 12.8%. Significant relationships were present between the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the number of patients by disease phase (p = 0.043), residence locations (p = 0.003), and patient care (p = 0.003). Thus, several differences in the characteristics of first-visit patients with PFP visiting a Korean medicine hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of demographic characteristics, disease phase, residence locations, and patient care.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2023

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has had a major impact worldwide. Several countries have implemented restrictions on social interaction ("social distancing"). Several studies have reported that the epidemiology of trauma patients, such as those with facial bone fractures, has changed after COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to further explore these specific changes. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients who presented to a single institution with facial bone fractures between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. Baseline patient demographics, clinical information, type of fracture, etiology, and operative management were compared before and after COVID-19. Results Of all cases, 3,409 occurred before COVID-19, and 602 occurred after COVID-19. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the number of patients with facial fractures has not decreased significantly. A significant increase was noted in fractures that occurred outdoors (p < 0.001). However, a decrease was observed in operative management between the groups (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of assault, fall-down, industrial accident, or roll-down. In contrast, the proportion of traffic accidents and slip-down categories increased significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease was found in the proportion of the sports category (p = 0.001) Conclusions It was confirmed through this study that COVID-19 pandemic also affected epidemiology of facial fractures. Focusing on these changes, it is necessary to develop safety measures to reduce facial fractures.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.351-360
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• 2010

Purpose: As the influence of mass media increases, the general standard of attractiveness or beauty of a face also changes. The primary purpose of the study is to find out the factors of the attractive and beautiful face recognized by public. Methods: We picked out standard model photography and operated with Adobe$^{(R)}$ Photoshop$^{(R)}$ and Monariza$^{(R)}$ virtual plastic surgery program. The contour of face, eye, nose, forehead, zygoma, chin and proportion of upper, middle, lower face were changed. The interview survey was conducted through structured standard photo for 310 respondents. That was utilized in the final analysis. Multiple regression analysis was executed by SPSS 12.0. It was used to deal with statistical data and all the other necessary analysis. Results: According to general characteristics of the respondents, many differences were found in preferred face and facial aesthetic subunits. The younger generation preferred the lozenge and inverted triangle shape contour. The respondents over 40 of age preferred the egg shape contour. In chin and zygoma contour, the respondents at the age of 20 preferred distinctly small chin and relatively small lower face. On the other hand, the respondents over 40 of age preferred the wide zygoma relatively. In the proportion of upper, middle, lower face, 51.0% of respondents answered 1 : 1 : 1. If they want to have an aesthetic operation, they preferred protruding forehead. Also they preferred the small chin and V-shaped chin in frontal view. Conclusion: Many respondents preferred to have a plastic surgery for the better facial subunit. The statistical evidence from this study suggests that the harmony and balance of facial aesthetic subunits make attractive and beautiful face.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.184-199
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• 1996

The challenges to achieve three dimensional facial proportionality and occusal stability in many patients with complex dentofacial deformity have been met by the development and use of the maxilla, mandible, and chin surgery techniques in combination with efficient orthodontic treatment. There is a clinical, biological, and biomechanical foundation for simultaneous surgical repositioning of the maxilla, mandible, and chin in a significant proportion of adult and adolescent patients. A combination of the surgical and orthodontic approach may provide increased treatment efficiencies and optimal esthetic results. Art and science to determine the treatment objectives, specifically, the desired soft tissue changes are firstly established by using the clinician's "esthetic sense" of the facial beauty and proportion aided to a few cephalometric guidelines. In this sense, the dependence on the clinician's "esthetic eye" by Dr. Bell is more important in analyzing the facial proportion than the satisfaction of rigid cephalometric norms. The purpose of this article was to elucidate the indication for simultaneous surgical repositioning of the maxilla, mandible, and chin, and to describe the clinical cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery. Representative 6 case reports were presented and discussed to illustrate the esthetic, orthodontic, and surgical treatment objectives with long-term follow-up.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.455-460
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• 2007

Purpose: Aging society was realized after persons over 65 was rated above 7% in 2000. It is inevitable fact that society gets older. Few study about facial bone fracture in elderly was reported until now. This study provides a retrospective statistical analysis of facial bone fracture and reports of some demographical information from medical records. Methods: From January 2000 to December 2005, 123 cases of facial bone fracture in above 55 year-old persons were reviewed and analysed. Statistic data was related to distribution, age, sex, causes, occupations, occurrence, time, incidence of facial bone fracture, treatment and it's complications. Results: Facial bone fractures in elderly tend to increase and rated to 4.7%. Facial bone fractures in elderly were most frequently occurred in farmers, cultivator accidents and zygoma fractures. A few minor complications were checked, but easily improved. Conclusion: Facial bone fractures in elderly have small proportion of the whole facial bone fractures, but gradually have been increased. This study was observed trends in changes of facial bone fracture in elderly for 5 years and expected to provide statistical index to prevent facial bone fracture in elderly.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.54-64
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• 1992

The balance of facial sop tissue is important factor for the treatment of maxillofacial deformity patients. There are many cephalometric analysis of facial bone but a few soft tissue analysis of face for the orthognathic surgery, especially in the oriental people. This study aimed at examining the mean value of the soft tissue measurement of 120 Korean adult women with the linear and angular measurement and comparing with Caucasian. The results ere as follows. 1. In the frontal linear measurement, Korean women have larger interocular distant and width of nose, but the width of mouth appeared less than Caucasian. 2. In the frontal angular measurement, Korean women have larger inclination of the eye than Caucasian. 3. In the lateral linear measurement, Korean women have more prominent upper and lower lip position than Caucasian and have longer upper facial height comparing with lower facial height than Caucasian. 4. In the lateral angular measurement, Korean women have more convex facial profile and less nasolabial and geniolabial angle. 5. In the lateral facial ratio, Korean women have larger proportion in the lower department below the stomion.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.111-119
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• 2009

Objectives : To assess the characteristics of electropyography(EMG) and heart rate variability(HRV) values in idiopathic facial palsy inpatients of different Sasang constitutions. Methods : Medical records of 103 idiopathic facial palsy inpatients who underwent facial EMG testing and HRV testing were retrospectively reviewed. All subjects had been consulted to the department of Sasang constitution for constitution differentiation. The Sasang constitutional and age distribution were initially analyzed, and axonal loss percentage values on EMG were correlated with Sasang constitution and sex. HRV results were also correlated with Sasang constitution and sex. Results : 1. 24.4 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients were of the Soyang constitution, 52.4 percent were of the Taeum, and 23.3 percent were of the Soeum. Patients in their fifties were most common in all constitutions(27.8%). 2. Mean axonal loss values for the temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches were all statistically significantly lower in the Taeum constitution compared with Soyang or Soeum(p<0.05). 3. Mean axonal loss values for the temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches were all statistically significantly lower in men than women(p<0.05). 4. The mean LF/HF ratio was significantly lower in idiopathic facial palsy inpatients of the Soeum constitution compared with Soyang and Taeum(p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in mean MHRT, SDNN, TP, VLF, LF, and HF of different constitutions. 5. The mean SDNN was significantly lower in women inpatients compared with men(p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in mean MHRT, TP, VLF, LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio. Conclusions : The Sasang constitutional composition of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients closely adheres to the composition proposed in Dong-eui-su-se-bo-won, but the Taeum and Soeum proportion is slightly larger and the Soyang proportion slightly smaller. Axonal loss value on EMG was significantly lower in the Taeum constitution, and in men(p<0.05, <0.05). Mean LF/HF ratio was significantly lower in the Soeum constitution compared with Soyang and Taeum(p<0.05), and mean SDNN was significantly lower in women(p<0.05).

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.813-823
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• 2011

This study is to suggest the facial animation methodology for that 3D character animators can use CGS system effectively during on their stage which they create ideas and use repeating a process of facial animation, it has suggested the CGS(Character Generation System) that is a creative idea generation methodology identified and complemented the problem of the existing computerized idea generation, in addition, this research being extended on the article vol.13, no.7, "CGS System based on Three-Dimensional Character Modeling II (Part2: About Digital Process)," on Korea Multimedia Society in July 2010 issue, Through the preceding study on 3D character facial expression according to character's feelings as an anatomical structure and the case study on character expressions of theatrical animation, this study is expected to have effectives as one method for maximization of facial animation and idea generation ability.