• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 1987

This treatise deals with chronic state of famine and exploitation of famine relief food in the later half of Chosun Period and especially in relation with socio-economic changes. There with the impact of socio-economic factors on the chronic state of famine and exploitation of famine relief food is studied mainly with a literary approach. The influential factors which lead to the chronic state of famine were not only climatic restrictions such as flood and drought but socio-economic factors such as foreign invasion (Japanease invasion and Ching's invasion), frequent breaking out of revolt and technological development of agriculture (rice transplantation). And disorder of land system and cultivation of cash crops by the richer peasantry, lowering the economic status of the poorer peasantry who were a major constituents of the population, aggravated the famine state. Because the poorer peasantry were under the shortage of food, they had to seek something edible in the fields and mountains. In this process various kinds of famine relief foods were exploited by the poorer peasantry. The majority of famine relief foods were wild vegetables. Consequently the Chronic state of famine was a cause to introduce various edible wild vegetables into Korean food, which influenced modern vegetarian food habits and firmed the Korean's favorite taste to be hot and salty. These wild vegetables couldn't have a marvelous effect on the relief of starved people. Potatoes and sweet potatoes, which were newly introduced foreign crops, were encouraged to be cultivated for famine relief. But these tubers, unable to be staple food, didn't contribute to an increase in population.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-56
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• 1992

This paper has made a close examination of Shingan Goohwang Chowalyo(1660), Cheesaeng yoram(1691), Sallim Gyungjae(1715) and Imwon simyook Jee(1827), to grasp what kinds of famine relief foods have been analyzed in terms of nutrition elements and cooking methods. And also this paper has surveyed the changes of these famine relief foods according to the times. Three hundred forty one famine relief foods are recorded in the above mentioned books, Among them, ten foods are recorded in common in these four books: pine needles, elm tree skin, soybeans, wax, jujubes, black beans, glutinous millet, turnip seeds white pine-mushroons and Chool-Atractylodes japonica. The methods of cooking and processing are most varied in the order of pine needles, black beans and elm tree skin, Pine needles are rich in protein and fat, and so may be regarded as the first of famine relief foods. Elm tree skin is of more than 50% carbohydrate and may be used in plate of cereals. I addition to these, Hwangui-milk vetch, Choonsu-cedrela Sinensis, Tacksa-Alisma Orientale Juzep and some other foods contain starch, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. So they may be used for replacing cereals and relieving famine. Before these famine relief foods are cooked or processed, according to their ingredients they should be soaked in water for a time in some cases the water should be changed several times. In Shingan Goohwang Chowalyo and Cheesaeng Yoram, measuring units are rarely recorded, while in sallim Gyungjae, they are explicitly shown. Imwon Simyook Jee clearly shows the use of oriental medicine materials. And the fur above mentioned books show no record of famine relief animal foods. To these days, vegetables have been boiled, squeezed and seasoned with salt and oil, but the better the economic conditions become, the less other famine relief foods are used. Nevertheless it is expected that these natural foods can be made favorite dishes with the best use of their good flavors and tastes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.213-233
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• 2013

During the late Chosun Dynasty, famine was the main cause of climate ecological background, such as frequent floods and droughts, the Little Ice Age (小氷期), and epidemic. In addition, it influenced the social and cultural background, such as failure toprovide Yiangbeop (移秧法), breakout of war and revolt, loss of farming cattle, grain consumption due to brewing, the concentration of wealth, and tenacity of shamanism. "Limwongyungjeji" "Injeji" of the last part had been written about the famine; wild plants to raw, dried, or dried powder, or processed pharmaceutical goods. Grain couldbe replaced in more than 330 types of famine relief food and recipes; 170 species of vegetables, 34 species of vegetation, and 33 kinds of fruit - the botanic foods were mainstream. Edible parts of these plant foods are those of 14 kinds: 175 species of leaves, 113 species of sprouts, 99 kinds of buds, and other fruits, roots, stems, flowers, etc. The recipe (poaching, salting, and oil-marinated) was written 186 times or forsoup, raw, and boiled.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2018

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of the research is to study the edible parts and cooking methods for the Korean medicinal plants using documents of Japanese occupation era. Through this study, we expect that it will be used as a basis data on further Korean traditional edible herb. Methods : The research analyze the usage of 74 species of medicinal plants that are listed in the 『Wild Food Plants of Chosen(Korea)』 along with analyzing 8 extra documents about famine relief plants and cooking method written during Japanese occupation. Results : The result shows that the sprouts and buds are the most popular for the edible purposes but they are never used for medical reason. Roots and fruits take the highest percentage when it comes to medical purposes. Types of medicinal plants that were used a lot of cooking methods were side dishes such as 'Namul, Saengchae, Jangajji'. Conclusions : Using medicinal plants for edible and medical purposes were traditionally familiar with Korean culture but the changes provoked by industrialization forbid the knowledge to pass through. However, recently, the trend of having a healthy life interests people to backtrack this traditional way of using medicinal plants with new purposes. To inherit traditional knowledge and for the future development of Korean traditional ingredients, further research should be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.858-872
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• 2008

This study examined the meteorological disaster of Jeju Island in Chosun Dynasty based on historical documents, and analyzed how its government and Jeju Islanders responded to this. Recording cases of abnormal weather days of Jeju Island in Chosun Dynasty were most in 17th Century, and then in 18th Century, 16th Century, 15th Century, and 19th Century in order. For the type of meteorological disaster, storm damage was most serious, and then flood disaster, drought disaster, and snow damage were in order. For the region, Jejumok was mostly damaged from storm and flood, and Daejeonghyeon was mostly from drought. Once meteorological disaster occurred, it was a common thing that it continued with famine. The Chosun government relieved Jeju Islanders by moving the grains of mainland into Jeju Island, and for this, installed Galdujin warehouse, Naripo warehouse, and Jemin warehouse. Also, it tried to resolve chronic famine by moving Jeju people into mainland such as Pyeong'an-do. Corresponding to severe weather, the farmers of Jeju Island implemented agricultural methods such as Dapjeon, Baryeong, molding, and wind-breaking; and the seamen conducted unique arts of navigation such as Hwanjeon, and gravel shipment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1993

The "Namul" is a Korean common vegetable food composed of edible young leaves and soft stalks of wild plants or cultivating vegetables and treated with traditional condiments. It has been widely used as not only a regular diet but seasonal foods or special ceremonial foods. In this thesis, the kinds of edible plants for namul were philologically approached by books published in Korea from Koryo to Chosun dynasty. The first historical record about cultivated vegetable as food in Korea was a garlic and a gourd in $\ulcorner$Samkuksaki$\lrcorner$. According to numerous records, edible wild plants might have played an important part as food resources, since they have variable edible portions as famine relief foods. Four kinds of namul were first introduced in Koryo age, but in Chosun dynasty over eighty kinds were recorded. The root of ballonflower and white radish were most commonly used for raw namul and bamboo shoot and squash for boils ones. Most kinds of namul were introduced in $\ulcorner$Zeungtosanrimkwungiae$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Limwonsiprwukji$\lrcorner$ influenced by pragmatism in later half period of Chosun. The chronic state of famine in later half period of Chosun caused to introduce various edible wild vegetables, and had greatly influenced on the Korean people to acquire vegetarian food habits and to favor salty taste. It seems to need a further study on recent nutritional problems including dietary fiber.ary fiber.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 1988

Historical review on Korean vegetables was performed to illustrate the important position of the vegetables in Korean food culture. It is assumed that the cultivation of vegetable crops had been begun along with crop production. Korean people placed great importance on quality of vegetables including flavor and texture. It was also confirmed that vegetables had been cultivated and preserved by scientific methods. They grew vegetables at their leisure and knew to utilize medicinal effects of vegetables. This review reveals Korean ancestor's wisdom to use vegetables as foods for the relief of the sufferers from famine at the time of spring food shortage or crop failures.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.27
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• pp.145-166
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• 2012

In this Study, the search and analysis for the contents of the mass media, especially, such as newspaper articles, broadcast campaigns, broadcating advertisings, the Internet, etc, are accomplished under the assumption that the cause of the negative and fragmentary images about Africa holds a place in Korea's heart resulting from Korean mass media. Africa was seen as not only the continent of famine and diseases, but also a safari and the Nature's repository. However, these images are only the fragments of information about the African continent. So, we have to understand and recognize the origin of Africa in aspect of its learning and the mythology as well as the truth of the African as modern human origins. Moreover, we have to do our endeavor to have a good perspective about Africa as our future partner somewhat less than the wretched continent that we applaud their effort to the pursuit of stability and the development in terms of their modern cities, economy and politics and we have to aid and send relief cargoes simply.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

King of Jujeong(周定王) named Jusuk(朱橚) was thought to be an exemplary character as a scholar and a politician, who was not an Oriental medical doctor but a compiler publishing a set of three medical books and a set of volumes on famine relief to save people in the areas of natural disasters or spring poverty. He was born on July 1, 1361 as the fifth son of Juwonjang(朱元璋), the first Emperor (1368-1398) of the Myeong-dynasty (1368-1644) of China. It was not clearly known about his mother other than assuming, but hard to ascertain, that she was from Goryeo, the ancient country in the Korean Peninsula, and became a loyal concubine of Juwonjang(朱元璋). He was the brother of Yeongrakje(永樂帝), the third Emperor(1402-1424) of the Myeong-dynasty. As a focal figure in the political forces at that time in the Myeong-dynasty, he had a life full of vicissitudes such as being removed from office, being exiled to a remote place, being scattered far and wide between family members, being implicated in the rebellion and so on. It seemed that he brushed up on his study, taking a class on an emir until the year of 1380 at the age of twenty. And he published "Bosaeng-yeorok(保生餘錄)" and "Bojebang(普濟方)" for eight years from 1381 to 1389 (at age 21-29), "Sujinbang(袖珍方)" in 1391 (at 31), and "Guhwangboncho(救荒本草)" in 1406 (at 46), republishing "Sujinbang(袖珍方)" in 1415 (at 65). Endowed with a brilliant talent from early days, Yeong-rakje(永樂帝) wrote the poem(the poem paying a high tribute to a King) well and composed one hundred pieces of poetry on the story of the Won Dynasty (1271-1368) of China. He leaded a quiet life in his later years and died a natural death at Gaebong(開封, a city in China) at 65 in 1425. He had 15 sons including king of Juheon(朱憲王) Yudon(有敦) and 11 daughters. His books contributed absolutely to the growth of Oriental medical field, and also to the increase in population, having influence on bringing about compilation of the books on Oriental medicine and famine relief of the Joseon Dynasty (the old Korean kingdom from AD 1392 to 1910).