• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2_spc호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2022

This paper is a review of some experiments using black soldier fly (BSF) and its by-product to explore their nutritional value, production potential in Indonesia and its application in the ration of ruminants. Evaluation on the effect of milk replacer, creep feed containing BSF, BSF frass and the possibility to use lactic acid bacteria from BSF as probiotics are presented. Utilization of BSF larvae in milk replacer as skim and cream milk substitute showed that there were similarity on physiological, hematological status and performance of goat kids compared to those offered goat milk or commercial milk replacer. In addition, BSF larvae can be used to substitute soybean meal in the creep feed for post weaning goat kids without any differences in weight gain and blood profiles. However, utilization of BSF frass in the fattening goat ration resulted lower digestibility of dry matter and organic matter due to the chitin content in the frass. Black soldier fly larvae grown on chicken manure harbour lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which have potential as probiotics for ruminants. In general, BSF larvae has potential as ingredient for milk replacer, creep feed, fattening ration, and source of LAB for probiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.571-575
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• 1996

An experiment was conducted to measure the true metabolizable energy (TME) values of seven major poultry feed ingredients, two feed concentrates and one randomly collected layer mixed feed prepared from the available feed ingredients. The results of this study were the most thorough evaluation of the TME content of some selected common feed ingredients of Bangladesh. The observed TME values of some feed ingredients were very close to the values of different origins of feed ingredients. But the TME values measured in mixed layer feed were very low which could not support the standard requirement of laying birds. There values will be of assistance in describing the energy content of the most common available feed ingredients of Bangladesh.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2020

Barley is an important cereal gain which is traditionally used in some nations of Asia and North Africa, and there has been growing interest in using barley as an ingredient in food due to their nutritional value and high content of phyto-constituents. However, no study report on comparative feed value between sprouted barley, cornflake and alfalfa hay. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, amino acid profile and mineral content of 6 day sprouted barley fodder (SBF) compared with cornflake and alfalfa hay using by AOAC method, as an alternative feed ingredient. Results showed that SBF had higher content of crude protein, acid detergent insoluble crude proteins and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein than alfalfa hay and cornflake; cornflake had higher crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber content than SBF and alfalfa hay; alfalfa hay had higher crude fiber, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and lignin level than SBF and cornflake. Also, significant differences were found on amino acid content among them (p<0.01). The most abundant amino acid in SBF was glutamate (123 g/kg DM), which is higher than in alfalfa hay (1.27%) or cornflake (1.58%). However, methionine (1.33%) and cysteine (1.53%) were the least abundant amino acids in SBF compared with cornflake or alfalfa hay. Furthermore, our study results exhibited that SBE comprise a good sources of minerals including ferrous (90.01 mg/kg) followed by zinc (20.50 mg/kg), magnesium (0.20 mg/kg) and sodium (0.03 mg/kg) as compared to cornflake and alfalfa hay. The present research findings, confirmed that the nutritional values of SBF are comparable to those of cornflake and alfalfa hay. Hence, SBF can be a better alternative feed ingredient for cornflake or alfalfa hay. However, feeding trials will be required to determine acceptability of SBF for ruminant production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권9호
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• pp.34.1-34.9
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• 2016

Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2016

Distillers dried grain (DDG) and makgeolli spent grain (MSG) are agricultural byproducts to produce alcoholic beverage. However, they are known to contain enough nutrients. Mealworm is a promising insect resource for an animal feed ingredient as well as alternative human food. With low cost, DDG and MSG were investigated as a feed ingredient for rearing high quality mealworms. DDG and MSG were mixed with wheat bran and compared to control feed (only wheat bran) for its effects on larval survivorship, larval weight, duration for developmental period, pupation rate, and pupal weight. When DDG added, larval survivorship was reduced to 50~70% compared to the control group. Larvae fed on DDG were heavier from third to sixth week. Especially, larvae with 50% DDG were 28% heavier than the control group at the third week. For the larval period, the 50% DDG group was 11% less than that for the control. The pupal weight for the 30% DDG group was 7% heavier than that for the control group. Pupation rates for all the DDG groups were higher than 90%. When compared to the control, larval survivorship for the 70% MSG group was low, but the 50% and 70% MSG groups were high during the seventh and eighth weeks because of delayed development. After the eighth week, larvae with 70% MSG showed the highest larval weight increase as 9~18% compared to the control group. Except 70% MSG group, all of MSG groups showed more than 90% pupation rates. We confirmed that adding 30~50% of DDG or MSG to conventional wheat bran have a strong potential to replace the conventional wheat bran insect feed for quality insect production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1698-1707
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• 2013

Optimization of the dietary formulation is the most effective way to reduce methane. Nineteen feed ingredients (brans, vegetable proteins, and grains) were evaluated for their potential to generate methane and change methanogen diversity using an in vitro ruminal fermentation technique. Feed formulations categorized into high, medium and low production based on methane production of each ingredient were then subjected to in vitro fermentation to determine the real methane production and their effects on digestibility. Methanogen diversity among low, medium and high-methane producing groups was analyzed by PCR-DGGE. The highest methane production was observed in Korean wheat bran, soybean and perilla meals, and wheat and maize of brans, vegetable protein and cereal groups, respectively. On the other hand, corn bran, cotton seed meal and barley led to the lowest production in the same groups. Nine bacteria and 18 methanogen 16s rDNA PCR-DGGE dominant bands were identified with 83% to 99% and 92% to 100% similarity, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that methane emissions from ruminants can be mitigated through proper selection of feed ingredients to be used in the formulation of diets.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.358-365
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• 2020

본 시험은 돼지 사료 내 단백질원으로 사용되는 원료사료의 외관상 회장 아미노산 소화율과 표준 회장 아미노산 소화율을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 본 시험에서 T-cannula를 회장에 설치한 자돈(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 14.4±0.35kg) 6두를 공시동물로 사용하였으며, 6×6 라틴스퀘어 설계법(Latin square design)을 이용하였다. 평가 원료사료로서 옥수수 배아, 옥수수 글루텐 밀, 옥수수 글루텐 피드, 클로렐라 및 라이신 부산물이 사용하였으며, 각 원료사료별 5일의 적응기간과 2일의 소화물 채취기간을 두었다. 라이신의 외관상 회장 소화율에서 클로렐라와 라이신 부산물이 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05), 각각 79.1% 및 78.7%이였다. 메치오닌의 외관상 회장 소화율은 원료사료들 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 트레오닌의 외관상 회장 소화율은 클로렐라가 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 81.8%이였다. 라이신의 표준 회장 소화율에서 클로렐라, 라이신 부산물 및 옥수수 글루텐밀이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 각각 80.4%, 79.5% 및 77.0%이였다. 메치오닌의 표준 회장 소화율은 원료사료들 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 트레오닌의 표준 회장 소화율은 클로렐라가 라이신 부산물, 옥수수 글루텐 피드에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 84.2%이였다. 본 연구결과, 클로렐라와 라이신 부산물의 외관상 및 표준 회장 아미노산 소화율이 가장 우수하였으며, 이 원료들은 돼지 사료 내 단백질 대체 원료사료로서 가치가 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

One of the biggest challenges for the animal feed industry in the coming years will be to meet the growing demand in animal protein in light of increased cost of feed ingredient as well as tougher restrictions on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters imposed by consumers and governments. A key focus area will be to maximise feed efficiency and minimise nutrient waste. It has been widely acknowledged that the composition of the intestinal microflora is closely related to intestinal health and performance of animals. Advanced microbial techniques have shown a close relationship between bacterial communities and their ability to modulate nutrient absorption and processing. In addition it has been recognised that modulating the immune response has significant impact on overall health as well as overall nutrient demand. Molecular techniques are a useful tool to gain an understanding of the impact of dietary interventions including the use of functional feed additives on specific changes in microbial communities or the immune system. Most these techniques however focus on the evaluation of large changes in bacterial compositions and often underestimate or neglect to recognise small changes in microbial diversity or behaviour changes without any measurable immune response. The key to understanding the relationship between specific nutritional intervention and the impact on health and performance lies in a deeper understanding of the impact of these nutrients on the expression of specific genes or specific metabolic pathways. The development of molecular tools as a result of developments in the field of Nutrigenomics has enabled researchers to study the effects of specific nutrients on the whole genome or in other words, the effect of thousands of genes simultaneously, and has opened a completely different avenue for nutritional research.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2003

육성 거세 한우(평균 체중 200kg)에게 6주 동안 배합사료의 16%와 볏짚의 48%를 대체하는 수준에서, 그리고 Holstein 비거세우(평균 체중 336 kg)에게 12주 동안 배합사료 4%와 볏짚18%를 대체하는 수준에서 퇴적발효한 육계생분­톱밥­왕겨 혼합물(DBSR 최종 함수율 45%)의 펠렛을 무제한 급여한 후 사료섭취량, 증체율, 사료효율, 경제성 및 도체 특성을 평가하였다. DBSR pellet의 기호성은 양호한 편이었다. 대조구와 비교해서 DBSR pellet 급여는 육성 거세 한우의 증체량(31.6 vs 36.6 kg), 일당 증체율(0.75 vs 0.87), 사료효율(7.23 vs 7.53)과 Holstien 비거세우의 증체량(148 vs 155 kg), 일당증체율(1.76 vs 1.84) 및 사료효율(5.69 vs 6.02)에 유의적 영향을 미치지 않았으며(P＞0.05), 증체 당 사료비용은 축종별로 각각 18.5% 및 3.5% 절감되었다. Holstein 비거세우에의 DBSR pellet 급여는 도체중, 육량 및 육질에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 수분흡수제로서 톱밥, 왕겨와 혼합한 케이지 육계생분의 퇴적발효물은 육성비육우용 사료로서 효과적으로 이용될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2015

A 10-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the feasibility of using spent coffee ground (CG) as a potential feed ingredient for olive flounder. Growth, feed utilization, body composition and antioxidant enzyme activity were examined. A control diet was formulated and three other diets were prepared to contain 5, 10 or 15% CG (designated as Con, CG5, CG10 and CG15, respectively) by replacing for wheat flour. Two hundred forty fish ($104{\pm}0.7g/fish$) were allotted to 12 circular tanks of 400 L capacity at a density of 20 fish per tank and fed the experimental diets twice daily. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the CG5 diet exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth performance than those fed the control diet. Also, fish fed the CG10 diet had a comparable growth to that of the control group, but further increase of dietary CG inclusion level to 15% resulted in significant decrease of growth performance. Fish fed the CG15 diet showed significantly lower feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than other treatments. Significantly lower muscle protein content was observed in fish fed CG15 diet compared to the control. Significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration was found in fish fed CG15 diet compared to control. No significant changes were found in alkyle and superoxide radicals scavenging activities of plasma, muscle and liver among dietary treatments. Also, liver total protein, total antioxidant capacity, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not significantly influenced by dietary inclusion of CG. According to these results, we concluded that CG can be included up to 10% in the diet for olive flounder without any adverse effects on growth, feed utilization and antioxidant enzyme activity.