• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2015

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) is used to flavor food, in cosmetics, as an antioxidant, and to treat microbial, diabetic and common inflammation. No study to date, however, has assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of fennel in experimental models of inflammation. The aims of this study were to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of fennel in model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Mice were randomly assigned to seven groups (n=7~10). In five groups, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1% Tween 80-saline (vehicle), fennel (125, 250, $500{\mu}l/kg$), or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), followed 1 h later by intratracheal instillation of LPS (1.5 mg/kg). In two groups, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or fennel ($250{\mu}l/kg$), followed 1 h later by intratracheal instillation of sterile saline. Mice were sacrificed 4 h later, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were obtained. Fennel significantly and dose-dependently reduced LDH activity and immune cell numbers in LPS treated mice. In addition fennel effectively suppressed the LPS-induced increases in the production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, with $500{\mu}l/kg$ fennel showing maximal reduction. Fennel also significantly and dose-dependently reduced the activity of the proinflammatory mediator matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the immune modulator nitric oxide (NO). Assessments of the involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway showed that fennel significantly decreased the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Fennel effectively blocked the inflammatory processes induced by LPS, by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production, transcription factors, and NO.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2016

A simple and rapid method based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was developed for determination of trans-anethole content in fennel essential oil. Spectra of pure trans-anethole, of the pure essential oil of fennel, and of the pure oil of fennel with thymol internal standard were recorded. The signal of $H-1^/$ was used for quantification of trans-anethole. This proton signal is well separated in the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the compound. No reference compound is needed and cheap internal standard was used. The results obtained from spectroscopic analysis were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography. Additionally, the developed method was used for determination of the type of vegetable oil used as a carrier in commercial products, which cannot be quantified as such by gas chromatography. This study demonstrates the application of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a quality control method for estimation of essential oil components.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2389-2395
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• 2007

Headspace solid phase trapping solvent extraction (HS-SPTE) and GC-MS was applied for the characterization of volatile flavors from fennel, anise seed, star-anise, dill seed, fennel bean, and Ricard aperitif liquor. Tenax was used for HS-SPTE adsorption material. Recoveries, precision, linear dynamic ranges, and the limit of detection in the analytical method were validated. There were some similarities and distinct differences between fennel-like samples. The Korean and the Chinese fennels contained trans-anethole, (+)-limonene, anisealdehyde, methyl chavicol as major components. The volatile aroma components from star anise were characterised by rich trans-anethole, (+)-limonene, methyl chavicol, and anisaldehyde. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) has been used for characterizing or classifying eight different fennel-like samples according to origin or other features. A quite different pattern of dill seed was found due to the presence of apiol (dill).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.230-241
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• 2003

Nowadays Aromatherapy has been proved its own superiority and is getting popular for its specipic effects. Then, we can find some of aroma herbs are similar to those of Oriental medicine herbs. The purpose of this study was to identify the heating effect in Fennel essential oil on Aromatherapy, which is known for an effect of Hui-Hyang(Foeniculm vulgare) on Oriental medicine. We studied a patient who has visited Dongseo Oriental Hospital with Handam From November 29th 2001 to April 12th 2003 and has been observed for 5 months. We chose three spots in his body where the temperatures were lower than the other sides over $0.4^{\circ}C$. Then we treated him only with Fennel essential oil for 20 days. We used Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging to analyze the symptoms and assess the results of treatment. The results we obtained were as follows; 1. Fennel essential oil showed the heating effect at all the three spots on the Handam patient. 2. Fennel essential oil has the characteristics of Warmness and Heat in Oriental Medicine. 3. More studies are needed to analyze what kind of characteristics Other essential oils have by Oriental medical thought for better clinical use in Oriental Medicine.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.763-767
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• 2006

The anticoagulant properties of compounds derived from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Gaertner) fruits were evaluated using a platelet aggregometer and compared with aspirin. The active constituents of fennel fruits were isolated and identified as (+)-fenchone and extragole by various spectral analysis techniques. With regard to the 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$), (+)-fenchone effectively inhibited platelet aggregation induced by treatment with collagen ($IC_{50}$, $3.9\;{\mu}M$) and arachidonic acid (AA) ($IC_{50}$, $27.1\;{\mu}M$), and estragole inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation ($IC_{50}$, $4.7\;{\mu}M$). By way of comparison, (+)-fenchone and estragole proved to be significantly more potent than aspirin at inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by collagen. The inhibitory activity of (+)-fenchone toward platelet aggregation induced by AA was 1.3 times stronger than that of aspirin. These results indicate that (+)- fenchone and estragole may be useful as lead compounds for inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and collagen.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.793-799
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• 2007

The purpose of this research related to the development of natural preservatives, in which licorice and spices (clove, fennel fruit and Chungyang green pepper) were extracted with distilled water, and the extracts were tested for their antibacterial and antioxidative activities. The polyphenol contents of the water extracts from licorice, clove, fennel fruit and Chungyang green pepper were 17.4, 21.4, 6.6, and 0.9 mg/g, respectively. The water extracts from licorice and clove demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The electron donating abilities (EDA) of the water extracts from the licorice and other spices ranged from 60 to 88% at 1,000 ppm; the highest value was for the licorice followed by fennel fruit, clove, and green pepper. The xanthine oxidase inhibition ratio (XOD) of the extracts ranged from 28 to 50% at 1,000 ppm, where the highest value occured in the cloves, followed by fennel fruit, green pepper, and licorice. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity ranged from 33 to 53% at 1,000 ppm, and the highest value was for the licorice followed by cloves, fennel fruit, and green pepper. The nitrite scavenging abilities (NSA) at 1,000 ppm of the clove and fennel fruit water extracts were 95% and 65% at pH 1.2, respectively. The NSAs of the extracts were highest at pH 1.2, and decreased with increasing pH. Considering all the obtained results, we have concluded that licorice and spice extracts can be used as natural preservatives in the development of health foods.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of herbs (dill weed, fennel seed and rosemary) on color stability and lipid oxidation of ground pork patties during storage at $2^{\circ}C$ and $-20^{\circ}C$. Lipid oxidation was determined by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method. Fennel seed was identified as being the most effective ingredient in terms of meat redness (Hunter a-values) during storage at $2^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Patties treated with rosemary had lower Hunter a-values than control, and dill weed was the least beneficial in influencing meat redness, having significantly lower a-values than control patties. During frozen storage at $-20^{\circ}C$, no significant differences in a-values were observed between the control patties and those treated with fennel seed. Patties treated with rosemary had lower a-values than control and patties with dill weed had negative a-values throughout storage. The cooking process increased Hunter L-values and decreased a-values in all patty samples. TBARS values increased during storage. Rosemary displayed excellent antioxidative activity as evidenced by the completely inhibition of TBARS formation of cooked pork patties. Dill weed and fennel seed also exerted an intermediate but significant antioxidant effect during storage (p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2006

Larvicidal activity of 34 plant essential oils were tested against the 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. Among them, six oils (basil, fennel, caraway seed, lime, thyme red, and thyme white) showed more than 80% mortality at 100 mg $litre^{-1}$ concentration. GC and GC-MS analyses of the six essential oils and bioassay of their components revealed that anethole (a major component of fennel and basil oil) and (+)-limonene (a major component of caraway seed and lime oil) showed higher larvicidal activities than others. In addition to the above two components, ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, p-cymene, $\gamma$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, and thymol showed higher larvicidal activity than Bt product.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of Aromatherapy using Foeniculum vulgare Mill(Fennel) for decrease in the appetite of female obese patients. Methods : We analyzed 32 obese patients who had been hospitalized in Kirin Oriental Hospital from October 1, 2004 to January 30, 2005. The patient were classified in two groups, aroma inhalation group(IH group), and non-inhalation group(NIH group). Test was applied 2 times a week(Inhalation and Non-inhalation test) for 4 weeks. The effect of both groups was analyzed by using VAS scores about appetite. The scores were checked before inhalation, and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after inhalation. Results : The VAS appetite scores decreased more significantly in inhalation group than non-inhalation group on every checked time(15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after inhalation)(p<0.05). And VAS scores of aroma inhalation group decreased more significantly on every checked time(0, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after inhalation) than pre-inhalation(p<0.05), and morbid obesity group is more sensitive than obesity group shortly after the inhalation(0 minute after inhalation)(p<0.05). Conclusions : In this study, we can conclude that aromatherapy using Foeniculum vulgare Mill(Fennel) has an effect on decreasing appetite of female obese patients.

• Journal of Menopausal Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2018

Objectives: Aim of present study was designed to investigate the soporific effect of fennel among menopausal women. Methods: The present double-blinded and placebo-controlled trial examined the fennel effect on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Total score and relevant 7 components, including sleep duration, sleep latency, use of sleeping medication, subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, daytime dysfunction and habitual sleep efficiency among 50 menopausal women compared to control group within a 12-week follow-up. Results: The patients in both groups reported no certain side effects and all subjects completed the study. The mean actual sleep duration was 5 hours and 66 minutes. Intergroup comparison revealed no statistically significant differences in the mean total PSQI score (P = 0.439), subjective sleep quality (P = 0.826), habitual sleep efficiency (P = 0.127), sleep disturbances (P = 0.130), use of sleeping medication (P = 0.52) and daytime dysfunction (P = 0.439). A tendency toward significant between 2 groups was seen concerning the sleep duration (P = 0.059). Intergroup comparison showed significantly borderline levels (P = 0.059). Conclusions: The treatment of 12 weeks with fennel caused a slight effect that did not reach to significant. These findings should be considered cautiously because of small sample size, short-term follow-up and subjective measure of sleep quality.