• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.705-709
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• 1998

Temporal and spatial distribution of Korean rice blast fungus (Pyricularia grisea) race KI-409 that has been rapidely increased since 1993 and became predominant in 1995 in Korea were investigated. Varietal resistance of current commercial cultivars of rice to the race was also tested in this study. The race KI-409 was first isolated from rice cv. Namyangbyeo in 1985. Since 1985 the race had been isolated mainly from the rice cultivars having BL1 BL7 pedigree as a resistance source. Distribution ratio of the race in 1995 was 23.7% in average and became a predominant in the P. grisea population in Korea. The race distributed widely and found in all the eight provinces in Korea. Many commercial cultivars such as Chucheongbyeo as well as those with BL1 or BL7 as a genetic background were found to be susceptible to the race KI-409.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.8A no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2001

It is important to detect races for debugging shared-memoy parallel programs, because the races cause unintended nondeterministic program execution. Previous on-the-fly techniques to detect races can not guarantee the first race detection in nested parallel programs. Detecting the first race is important for debugging parallel programs, since the removal of the first race may make the next occurred races disappear. In this paper, we presents an on-the-fly detection technique to detect all of the first races through the reexecution of the debugged programs. We assume that the debugged parallel program may have one-way nested parallel programs. The number of reexecution is at the least the nesting depth of the program in the worst case. The space complexity is O(VT) and the time complexity to detect race in each access of access history is O(T), where V is number of shared variables and T is the maximum parallelism of the program. This efficiency of our technique in each execution is the same with the previous on-the-fly detection techniques. Therefore, this technique makes debugging parallel programs more effective and practical.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.216-225
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• 1998

R&D payoffs guaranteed by the patent law are offered to the very firm that succeeds in R&D for the first time. This paper shows how the interpretation of R&D as a race affects a firm's preferences over cooperative R&D. Introducing the aspect of a race into R&D, cooperative R&D yields more profit than non-cooperative R&D in cases where R&D has a relatively low hazard rate. This result contrasts well with previous result obtained without considering the aspect of R&D race.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.267-275
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• 2007

Message races should be detected for debugging message-passing parallel programs because they can cause non-deterministic executions. Specially, it is important to detect the first race in each process because the first race can cause the occurrence of the other races in the same process. The previous techniques for detecting the first races require more than two monitored runs of a program or analyze a trace file which size is proportional to the number of messages. In this paper we introduce an on-the-fly technique to detect the first race in each process without generating any trace file. In the experiment we test the accuracy of our technique with some benchmark programs and it shows that our technique detects the first race in each process in all benchmark programs.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 1987

In order to investigate the distribution and density of root-knot nematodes in economic crops, samples were collected from 3,226 fields of 18 economic crops. Nematodes were extracted using a modified Baermann's funnel technique. Identification of races was based on the differential host-test for Meloidogyne spp. by Tayler and Sasser. M. hapla was dominant in fields in the middle parts of Korean peninsula; M. incognita, in the southern parts, and distribution of M. javanica was limited to Jeju island and southern seaside areas. Two races of M. arenaria identified in this study were races 1 and 2. The three races identified in M. incognita were races, 1, 2 and 3. Of these races, race 1 of M. arenaria and race 3 of M. icognita were identified for the first time in Korea.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.956-970
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• 2006

The purposes of this study was to analyze the characteristics of national races' costumes in Chinese contemporary costumes. For the purpose, this researcher concentrated on the relations between national races' costumes and Chinese contemporary costumes and discuss systematically depending on references such as fashion magazines, picture albums, and historical records. The results of study were as follows: First, the formation of fashion has been influenced by Man, Uighur, and Choson races. For example, Qipao, the tight style of Man race's fashion, Uighur race's bell style sleeve and cyclic skirt are applied to women's modern fashion. Second, weaving, printing, and embroidery technique of a minority race developed more than Han race, so applied still. Recently, Chinese contemporary costumes accepted the weaving technique of Miao and Uighur race through publicizing of a minority culture. Third, a national race's costumes are famous with splendid design and applied to modern fashion directly. They are commonly made to hair pin, necklace, earing, bracelet and so on. Recently, styles from a national race's costumes and old style are becoming popular to Chinese and it's easier to found such a fashion in market.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.785-793
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• 2019

Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the most damaging disease in Brassica crops around the world. In this study, we developed a molecular marker specific to Xcc race 5. To do this, the available whole genome sequences of Xcc races/strains and Xc subspecies were aligned and identified a highly variable genomic region (XccR5-89.2). Subsequently, a primer set covering the 'XccR5-89.2' region was designed and tested against the genomic DNA of Xcc races/strains, Xc subspecies and other plant-infecting bacterial strains (Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). The results showed that the 'XccR5-89.2' primer pair amplified a 2,172-bp fragment specific to Xcc race 5. Moreover, they also amplified a 1,515-bp fragment for Xcc race 1 and an over 3,000-bp fragment for Xcc race 3. However, they did not amplify any fragments from the remaining Xcc races/strains, subspecies or other bacterial strains. The 'XccR5-89.2' primer pair was further PCR amplified from race-unknown Xcc strains and ICMP8 was identified as race 5 among nine race-unknown Xcc strains. Further cloning and sequencing of the bands amplified from race 5 and ICMP8 with 'XccR5-89.2' primers revealed both carrying identical sequences. The results showed that the 'XccR5-89.2' marker can effectively and proficiently detect, and identify Xcc race 5 from Xcc races/strains, subspecies and other plant-infecting bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first report for an Xcc race 5-specific molecular marker.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.418-427
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• 2020

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the pathogen of black rot which is the most destructive disease of Brassica vegetables throughout the world. Here, we reported two novel sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers (i.e., XccR6-60 and XccR6-67) for the detection of Xcc race 6 via re-alignment of the complete genome sequences of Xcc races/strains/pathovars. The specificity of SCAR primer sets was verified by mean of PCR amplification using the genomic DNA template of Xcc races/strains/pathovars and two other plant infecting bacterial strains. The PCR result revealed that the XccR6-60 and XccR6-67 primer sets amplified 692-bp and 917-bp DNA fragments, respectively, specifically from race 6, while no visible amplification was detected in other samples. In addition, the SCAR primers were highly sensitive and can detect from a very low concentration of genomic DNA of Xcc race 6. However, the complete genome sequence of Xcc race 6 is not yet publicly available. Therefore, the cloning and sequencing of XccR6-60 and XccR6-67 fragments from race 6 provide more evidence of the specificity of these markers. These results indicated that the newly developed SCAR markers can successfully, effectively and rapidly detect Xcc race 6 from other Xcc races/strains/pathovars as well as other plant pathogenic bacteria. This is the first report for race-specific molecular markers for Xcc race 6.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.341-348
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• 2005

Detecting unaffected race conditions is important for debugging message-passing programs effectively, because such races can influence other races to occur or not. The previous technique used in detecting unaffected races detects a race by halting the execution of a process at the receive event of the race that errors first in the process. However this technique does not guarantee that all of the detected races are unaffected, because halting the execution of processes does disconnect some chains of affects-relations among those races. Tn this paper. we improved the second pass algorithm of the previous technique by producing information about affects-relations of the races that occur first in each Process. Then we effectively visualize affect-relations among the races detected in each process. This visualization is effective in detecting visually unaffected races by simplifying affects-relations among the races which occur first In each Process.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.494-503
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• 2023

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a plant pathogen of Brassica crops that causes black rot disease throughout the world. At present, 11 physiological races of Xcc (races 1-11) have been reported. The conventional method of using differential cultivars for Xcc race detection is not accurate and it is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, the development of specific molecular markers has been used as a substitute tool because it offers an accurate and reliable result, particularly a quick diagnosis of Xcc races. Previously, our laboratory has successfully developed race-specific molecular markers for Xcc races 1-6. In this study, specific molecular markers to identify Xcc race 7 have been developed. In the course of study, whole genome sequences of several Xcc races, X. campestris pv. incanae, X. campestris pv. raphani, and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria were aligned to identify variable regions like sequence-characterized amplified regions and insertions and deletions specific to race 7. Primer pairs were designed targeting these regions and validated against 22 samples. The polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that three primer pairs specifically amplified the DNA fragment corresponding to race 7. The obtained finding clearly demonstrates the efficiency of the newly developed markers in accurately detecting Xcc race 7 among the other races. These results indicated that the newly developed marker can successfully and rapidly detect Xcc race 7 from other races. This study represents the first report on the successful development of specific molecular markers for Xcc race 7.