• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.276-282
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• 2015

Seasonal variation in the contents of sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) in the floret, leaf, and stem of broccoli were studied in ten commercial broccoli cultivars. Plants were grown in the spring and fall seasons in 2011. In both seasons, glucose was the major constituent, comprising about 50% of the total sugar content in the floret and leaf tissue of most cultivars, whereas the broccoli stem showed an unusual pattern of accumulation. Sucrose exhibited greater cultivar dependency as well as seasonal variation compared to fructose and glucose in floret and leaf tissues. The floret tissue had a higher total content of sugar in the spring compared to the fall due to an increase in glucose and fructose. However, most of the leaf and stem tissues of broccoli had a higher total sugar content in the fall compared to the spring. Furthermore, stem and leaf tissues possessed a relatively higher total sugar content compared to floret tissue in both seasons. 'Grandeur' broccoli contained a significantly greater amount of total sugar in both floret and leaf tissues in both seasons, whereas 'YuDoRi No.1' broccoli exhibited the highest total content of sugar in stem tissue. At overall, the results showed significant influences of genotype, plant part and growing season on sugar content in broccoli.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.408-414
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• 2014

The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of different cultivars and parts of broccoli were investigated. The screening of antimicrobial activities for the floret and leaf extracts of 11 cultivars against selected gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis) were conducted. The AMG cultivar showed the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with the floret and leaf extracts (12.83 and 13.00 mm). Antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes was strongest with floret extract of NJ cultivar (13.58 mm) and leaf extract of YDR cultivar (13.92 mm). Moreover, the size of inhibition zone against L. monocytogenes was bigger than those of 4 kinds of pathogenic bacteria. Both floret and leaf extracts of Grd cultivar showed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157: H7, but there was no difference between floret and leaf extracts. Floret extract o f NJ cultivar and leaf extract of NY and 0c cultivars were effective against S. enteritidis whereas leaf extract exhibited better antimicrobial effect than floret extract. These results showed that floret extract of NJ and leaf extract of 0c had the highest antioxidant activity which was 39.90 and 43.64%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of leaf extract was 1.5 times higher than that of floret extract. All cultivars except NJ showed that electron donating ability of leaf extract was higher than that of floret extract.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2014

In the course of study for a use for non-edible parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L), and the development of processed food utilizing these parts, edible floret and non-edible stalk were extracted with ethanol and different organic solvent fractions were prepared. With 10 different extracts and fractions, their useful components and various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferation activity, were investigated. The stalk has more abundant water soluble carbohydrate when compared with the floret, and floret has higher hexane-soluble pigments. Analysis of total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents showed that the floret has 1.5~1.99 times higher concentrations than the stalk. Among the fractions, ethylacetate (EA) fractions have the highest amount of total flavonoid and total polyphenol. The stalk and floret possessed 9.45 and 42.01 mg-total flavonoid/g, respectively. In the antioxidation activity assay, the EA fraction of floret showed strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power, while the n-hexane fraction of the stalk exhibited nitrite scavenging activity. In the antimicrobial activity assay, the EA fraction of floret showed a strong and broad-range of antibacterial activity, irrespective of gram positive or gram negative bacteria. In a while, the hexane and EA fractions revealed anti-proliferative effects against the human colorectal cancer cell HCT-116. Strong anti-proliferative activities were found in the hexane fraction of stalk (18.4% of cell viability), and the n-butanol fraction of floret (6.9% of cell viability). Our results suggest that the further study of the characterization of active fractions and the identification of active components from different parts of broccoli are needed to develop functional foods or novel plant-derived medicines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 2021

This study was conducted to provide primary data through analysis of zoysia grass genetic resources to develop grass cultivars with beneficial novel properties. Zoysia grass (Zoysia. spp) is native to Korea, and is mainly propagated through stolons. However, since seed coat treatment technology was developed, the breeding of sexually reproductive grass variants has become possible, necessitating characterization of the floret appearance rate in the secured zoysia grass genetic resource before developing sexually reproductive cultivars. In this experiment, 549 grass lines were examined, revealing that florets appear in only 43 lines (7.81%). Survival rates after transplantation, and stolon generation rates displayed a significant positive correlation (Rho = 0.44). Survival rates after transfer, and rates of stolon production displayed very low correlations with floret appearance (Rho = -0.11 and Rho = -0.06). No significant results were obtained in 43 lines that displayed >20% floret appearance. To breed sexually reproductive grass variants, it is thus necessary to secure more genetic resources, considering the low rate of floret appearance. Finding traits that predict floret appearance at an early stage is also required.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2013

To evaluate seasonal variation in fatty acid composition in broccoli, 12 commercial cultivars of broccoli were grown in spring and fall season at the field of NIHHS, and their floret, leaf and stem parts were used for the fatty acid composition analyses. Among 14 fatty acids detected in broccoli, linolenic, palmitic and linoleic acids were major fatty acids comprising more than 80% of total fatty acids in both the seasons and all the parts. Likewise, stearic and oleic acids were also present in considerable amount while remaining fatty acids; caproic, lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids showed their minor compositional ratio. Among the three parts, stem exhibited highest SFAs (49.681% in spring and 50.717% in fall season) compared to MUFA and PUFA, while highest compositional ratio of PUFAs were observed in leaves (62.588% in spring and 68.931% in fall season), which indicates leaves as a good source of health beneficial fatty acids. In contrast, floret part exhibited highest SFA (48.786%) and PUFA (57.518%) in spring and fall seasons, respectively. Major fatty acids; palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid showed lowest cultivar dependent variation (below 10%) and leaf showed least variation in both the seasons compared to floret and stem. Our results suggest that all the fatty acids are significantly influenced by genotype of cultivars (C), plant parts (P) and growing seasons (S). Among the 14 fatty acids, myristic and palmitic acid showed highest positive or negative correlationship with oleic (r=$0.912^{**}$) and linolenic acid (r=-$0.933^{**}$), respectively. The most abundant fatty acid, linolenic acid, showed either negative or no correlation ship with other fatty acids while palmitic acid, a second major fatty acid, exhibited either positive or negative correlation ship.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2010

In order to development medicinal Artemisia herbs of high quality, Korean A. annua L. were investigated with its ecological and morphological characteristics, and basic statistical data of agronomic characteristics. This species, which is annual herb, is mainly distributed to marginal land, riverside, roadside, grassland. Ecological niche is low species in competition of the others. Its pollination is basically anemogamous, but is frequency pollinated by insects. This species is characterized as tap root, 1~3 pinnate compound leaf of ovate or narrowly ovate, stem is green, erect and solitary. Inflorescence is paniculate, receptacle is not hair. Capitulum, consist of ray floret and disk floret, is subglobose shape. Additionally, this species could be easily discriminated from related Artemisia herbs by the capitulum size. Ray floret is female, disk floret is bisexual. Flowering season is from August to October. Seed is achene unattached hair. Stem length ranged from 179 cm to 225 cm, and stem diameter and number of branch were $17.14\;{\pm}\;1.68\;mm$, $2.43\;{\pm}\;0.51\;mm$, respectively. Length and width of leaf were $14.5\;{\pm}\;0.5\;cm$, $15.0\;{\pm}\;1.0\;cm$, and leaf number of main stem were $48.06\;{\pm}\;10.57\;cm$, respectively. Fresh weight of aerial parts and root were $364.7\;{\pm}\;14.1\;g$, $32.6\;{\pm}\;5.1\;g$, and its dry weight were $136.6\;{\pm}\;10.0\;g$, $14.9\;{\pm}\;2.34\;g$, respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.623-627
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• 2014

Curcuma alismatifolia is becoming popular for cut flowers and potted plants due to its long inflorescence with many showy pink flowers. It is propagated by rhizomes and inflorescences that are similar to those of lotus. However, initiation of inflorescence development of each bract and flower has not been investigated. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study the inflorescence development of Curcuma alismatifolia 'Chiangmai Pink' by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When new shoots grew to 15-20 cm in a greenhouse at $25^{\circ}C$, the first bract initiated with a dome-shaped inflorescence apex, followed by initiation of additional bracts, forming the shape of the flower head. Florets were subtended by the first bract when five to seven bracts were formed. Four to six florets were subtended by each bract. The floret positioned in the center initiated and progressed upward first. When the center florets in the upper bracts were formed, florets next to the center floret subtended by the first bract were formed, and formation of the axillary florets progressed upward in sequential order.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.206-209
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• 2011

A new gerbera cultivar 'Noble Pink' was released by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) in 2009. A cross was made between 'Himalaya' with white and semi-double and 'Vital' with pastel cream and single in 2006. After investigation of the characteristics for four years (from 2006 to 2009), it was selected specially for the use of cut flower. 'Noble Pink' is a vigorous cultivar with pastel pink flower color (RHS R48B), brilliant green disc floret and semi-double. The average flower diameter is 11.8 cm, large flower. And inner ray floret and disc diameter are 4.77 cm and 2.17 cm, respectively. It produces a large yield with continuous supply of cut flowers and has adequate peduncle height. We believe that 'Noble Pink' has a great potential for expanding cultivated area of domestic gerbera cultivars and increasing farmers-income.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 1982

In three diverse wheat and one barley cultivars were used to examine the relation of the spikelet and floret differentiation to fertility and an winter wheat Norin 61 was used to examine the spikelet size gradients in the mature ear in relation to their grain development. The greatest number of grains and florets per spikelet, and the heaviest grains occurred in the low-mid part of the ear. Within the spikelets, the 2nd grain from the base was heavier than the I st or the 3rd one. In this region, the fertility of the 1 st floret was 97%, the 2nd 93%, the 3rd 88%, and 4th floret was 15%. The fertility of the wheat and barley was closely related to spikelet and floret differentiation. Barley spikelets was fertile as their differentiation stage was X that is 25 days before heading. Wheat florets were fertile as their differentiation stage was X that is 15-20 days before heading. But, they were sterile or reduced in fertility if they were not reached to the stage X.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between endogenous polyamines (PAs) and floral bud differentiation in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). In this study, PA content (free, bound, and conjugated) in apical buds, leaves, and roots changed appreciably during floral bud differentiation. PAs accumulated during series of processes such as floral induction, differentiation of floret primordia, and crown formation in apical buds; changes in PAs in apical buds may have a relationship with those in leaves and roots. The levels of free PAs and conjugated PAs [putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm)] in apical buds rapidly increased during the initiation stage of floral bud differentiation, while free and conjugated spermidine (Spd) reached their highest levels at the stage of floret primordium differentiation. In the free, conjugated, and bound PA fractions, the changes in Spm content were negligible compared to those of Put and Spd throughout the experiment. These findings indicate that PAs participate in regulating the process of flower bud differentiation in chrysanthemum.