• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2006

We investigated the impact of watermelon grafted onto Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV)-resistant transgenic watermelon rootstock on insects as non-target organisms in a greenhouse in 2005. We quantitatively collected insect assemblages living on leaves and flowers, and we used sticky traps to collect alate insects. We compared the patterns of insect assemblages and community composition, cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) on watermelon leaves and western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis Trybom) on watermelon male flowers, between CGMMV-resistant transgenic watermelon (TR) and non-transgenic watermelon (nTR). Non-parametric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination verified that insect assemblages on leaves and sticky traps were different between TR and nTR (P<0.05). The insect assemblages on male flowers were not statistically significant. Multi-response permutation procedures proofed our results from NMS results (P>0.05). Conclusively, TR watermelons appear to have some adverse effects on the population of cotton aphids on leaves and sticky traps, but watermelon male flowers do not show an adverse effect. Further research is required to assess the effect of TR on the aphid and western flower thrip. Life table experiments might support the specific reason for the adverse effects from leaf assemblages. Assessment of non-target impacts is an essential part of the risk assessment of non-target insects for the impact of transgenic organisms.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.539-548
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• 2022

In recent decades, the world has entered a new era in terms of the number and variety of biological invasions, due to economic progress and transportation efficiency. Biological invasion is becoming more likely as demand for foreign fresh foods and decorative goods grows. Alien species continue to infiltrate Korea in a variety of ways, and disturb on the insect fauna of Korea. The goal of plant quarantine is to decrease the economic impact of alien pests on the agriculture and forestry industries. In this study, we focused on insects found in imported cut flowers from 1996 to 2020 using pest information system. Overall, 147,160 cut flowers (159 items) were imported into Korea from 69 countries during this time period. Throughout this time, 467 species of insects were found in all imported cut flowers to Korea, total 13,757 detections. They were classified as provisional regulated pests in 273 species, quarantine managed pests in 78 species, and non-quarantine pests in 118 species. Thysanoptera and Hemiptera had the largest number of alien insect detections (more than 80% of the alien insects) among the nine orders. The outcomes of this study have highlighted the need for ongoing inspection activities targeted at preventing quarantine alien pests from entering or incursion in Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.509-515
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• 1992

Phytophagous insects were surveyed from field populations of Compositae weeds in the order Campanulales. Forty five insect species including unidentified ones of 43 genera in 5 orders and 17 families were recorded from 16 species in 12 genera of Compositae weeds. The hemipterans and coleopterans were the most abundant insects representing 13 and 13 species, repectively. Aphids and leaf beetles were important phytophagous insects on Compositae weeds. The potential biological control insects were Uromelan gobonis and Aethes cnicana on Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriensis and Cryptosiphum artemisiae on Artemisia lavandulaefolia. The leaf beetles, Chrysolina aurichalcea, Longitarsus succineus, Basilepta fulvipes, and Hamushia konishii were often collected from A. lavandulaefolia. Aphids and leaf beetles showed host specificities. The roles of hemipterans collected from the flowers of A. lavandulaefolia and Erigeron canadensis were questionable.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.123-125
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• 2003

We studied the nectar secretion of the Japanese Camellia (Camellia japonica L.), an evergreen tree and observed its floral visitors during the day. The mean volume of nectar secreted, during daylight (08:31 to 16:30 h) was 30.26$\pm8,29ml$ (SD) (n = 27). During the late afternoon and overnight (16:31 to 08:30 following day), 100.54$\pm54.85$(n = 27) of nectar was secreted. Total volume measured when flowers were sampled once every two hours for an eight-hour period was approximately one-half the volume which was measured when the flowers were sampled only once after eight hours. The mean nectar volume secreted was 8.55$\pm8.3ml$(n = 30) between 08:31 to 10:30, 4.38$\pm$6.1 ml (n = 30) between 10:31 to 12:30, 4.6$\pm5.4ml$(n = 30) between 12;31 to 14:30, and 4.02$\pm3.5ml$(n = 30) between 14:31 to 16:30 hours. During the day, Japanese Camellia flowers were principally visited by the Japanese white-eye (Zosterops erythropleura erythropleura 5.), a native bird, although insects and squirrels also visited to a lesser degree.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.217-220
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• 2006

It is known that the process of variety development and maintenance of original plant is difficult in Angelica gigas and Angelica acutiloba because they are allogamous plants. The contents like this are stand in the way of theirs breeding. This study was conducted to investigate the foraging activity and pollinational efficacy by insects to flowers of A. gigas and A. acutiloba. Foraging activity by pollinators was observed every day from 10:00 to 10:30 during 3 days after September 21. Honey bee and fly were major pollinators. The rate of hymenoptera and diptera to total numbers of insects was the 56.5% and 40.6% in A. gigas, respectively. It was also 46.3% and 51.8% in A. acutiloba, respectively. The other insects were lepidoptera, coleoptera and hemiptera. The numbers of hymenoptera and diptera were more in flowers of A. gigas was 49.2% with bee, 36.0% with fly, 15.3% with human, 0.9% without anything in the nethouse and 76.6% in the open field. That of A. acutiloba was 43.6% with bee, 27.9% with fly, 20.3% with human, 0.6% without anything in the nethouse and 46.9% in the open field. Excepting open field, seed setting rate of with bee in the nethouse was the highest of all the others. However, we concluded that the use of fly was the most effective method for pollination of A. gigas and A. acutiloba considering low cost and convenient handling.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2004

This study explored furniture and furniture designers in Art Nouveau which was called as Jugendstill in Germany. Jugendstill was developed on the center of Munchen, Darmstadt, and Berlin from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. And it was developed differently from Art Nouveau in the rest of European countries as the Rococo style and the Baroque style of Germany were done so. The furniture designers of Art Nouveau pronounced their use of decorative motifs from nature with birds, flowers, insects, fish, even landscape represented, but the designers in Jugendstill made the elaborate curvilinear design simply stylized and abstract: the design of Art Nouveau was seen as the superfluity of the ornament but the design of Jugendstill was seen as the simplified lines and restrain of the ornament. Hence, Jugendstill was deeply related with the scientific and rational thought of Germany, and then, it was based on the Deutscher Werkbund found by Hermann Muthesius.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.107-127
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• 1984

An anthecological study of Tilia in Korea was undertaken for six native and one introduced species. Flowers are protoandrous with anther and stigma opening during the day-time in section(sect) Anastraea and the night-time in sect Astrophilyra. Nectar production was coincided with anther and stigma opening. It is revealed that the primary role of floral bracts was attracting pollinators especially in sect Astrophilyra. The peak of stamen and stigma function, and the production of nectar and odor were closely related with pollinator attraction. Forthy-three species of insects in 30 families were identified for the pollination studies; bees were the most commonly observed visitors in sect Anastraea, while moths were the primary visitors in sect Astrophilyra. Pollination study indicate that it is section specific. But within a section, pollination is not species specific thus interspecific hybridization occurs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2000

Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai is endemic species of Korea. Since old days, the fruits have been used as a parasiticide and leaves have been used for a pierced wound by insects. The essential oil components from its aerial parts and stem bark by steam distillation were investigated. Several compounds were characterized by GC-Mass spectra. It was found that the leaves, stembark and flowers contain the compounds of essential oils, 1-octene-3-ol, hexadecanoic acid; $\alpha$-pinene, $\Delta^3$-carene mainly, linalylacetate, $\beta$-cubebene, 3,4-octadine-7-methyl , ferruginol(stem bark) and $\alpha$-pinene mainly, $\beta$-pinene , cyclopropane-1,1-dimethyl-2-(3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl), etc. This Cephalotaxus spp. contains the first components of ferruginol(M.W.286.03, $C_{20}H_{30}O)$ which belong to diterpene.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.10-22
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• 2022

This study investigated field data to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of pollinating insects and buckwheat flowers. We set the in-situ observation sites in different locations to get altitude and cropping system distribution data for five years (2016 to 2020) in Korea. Twenty-five different insect species, belonging to 8 orders, were recorded. Over the past five years, species from the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera were the principal visitors. Hymenoptera was mainly represented by honey bees (Apis cerana), while Diptera was represented by bean seed fly (Delia platura) and several other species. Some bees and other Hymenoptera species could, however, act as co-pollinators because of their high relative frequency and activity. Compared with open-field cultivation (conventional), the pollination mediating effect of flies and bees was superior in net house, so the yield was high, and it was also found to be slightly higher in the mixed treatment of flies and bees than in the single treatment. Based on the above results, flies and bees were found to be the most active pollinating insects in buckwheat and it is necessary to actively utilize the selected insects to improve buckwheat productivity. This relationship will be utilized in establishing the system of seed production on pollinating regulation of a primary plant.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

The number of registered vehicles increased to one million in 1985 and ten million in 1997, and the parking lots in multi-family housing complex that had been mainly constructed on the ground level began to be constructed in underground levels. Therefore, planting design in such complex were greatly changed. This study classifies the parking lots in multi-family housing complexes located in Cheongju into three categories: above-ground, mixture of above-ground and underground, and underground. The characteristics of planting design in each were then analyzed. The rate of parking per family increased by two or more in the type of mixture when compared to in the type of above-ground. As underground parking lots became dominant, the rate of parking per family increased to one car or more. The green area ratio did not change considerably when above-ground parking was combined with underground parking, but the green area per total floor space was reduced, which indicates the quality of green area became lower. Most of the parking lots in multi-family housing complexes since 2000 have been constructed underground, and the green area became larger. As for the species of trees used in planting design, trees that are vulnerable to damage by blight and harmful insects and may be repugnant have been reduced and replaced by trees whose shapes are beautiful and whose flowers and fruits can be appreciated, such as Chionanthus retusa, Malus floribunda, Styrax japonicus, Prunus mume, Lagerstroemia indica. Pine trees are variously planted with diversified standards, and, in particular, tall pine trees are being utilized as focal points. Herbaceous flowers began to be planted in underground parking lots constructed since 2000, and they are expected to be planted even more due to the appreciation of their flowers and their splendid appearance.