• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.414-422
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• 2013

This study identifies the foot shapes of elderly men by classifying foot types according to the shapes of sole of foot and analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 269 elderly men over 60 years of age. Their right feet were measured indirectly with a 2D scanner. The anthropometric measuring items consisted of 38 items that were estimated on the right foot of each subject. The 2D scan data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the statistical program SPSS 19.0. A total of 8 factors were extracted through a factor analysis and these factors represent 77.83% of total variance. The 8 factors were: ball and lateral foot protrusion, ball gradient, medial foot protrusion, anterior and posterior foot length ratio, lateral ball length, heel size, toes breadth, and foot length, that explained 77.83% of the total variance. A total of 4 clusters (as their sole type) were categorized using 8 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was classified as H-type(toes width, foot width, heel width uniform and medial malleolus and lateral malleolus almost no protrusion). Type 2 was classified as V-type(foot width and toes width, wide and heel width narrow). Type 3 was classified as A-type(foot width and heel width, wide but toes width narrow, protruded inside). Type 4 was classified as D-type(protruded outside).

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2000

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the amount of changes in the foot size on weight bearing in adult women, which might help in choosing an appropriate size of the shoes. Materials and Methods: The authors measured the length and width of the feet of 200 healthy women on weight bearing and non-weight bearing, and the size of the shoes they wore. Results: Foot length and width differences between right and left sides were 2.53 mm and 2.16 mm respectively on non-weight bearing, and 2.47 mm and 1.77 mm respectively on weight bearing. Foot length and width increased by 2.89% and 7.50% respectively on weight bearing than those on non-weight bearing. Shoe width was 6.82% longer and 9.54% narrower than the weight bearing foot size. There were 25 women who had shoe-related foot pain, all of them wore shoes that were 13.01 % or more narrower than the weight bearing foot width. Foot pain was significantly correlated with the shoe-foot width difference(p=0.0001). Conclusion: The foot size was increased by 2.89% in length and 7.50% in width with weight bearing. The width of their shoes was narrower. than the weight bearing foot width. Shoe-related foot pain was correlated with the foot-shoe width difference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.572-583
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• 2014

This study analyzes the foot shape of female high school students using 3D foot scan data based on a comparison with adult women (20s'-30s'). Data were collected from the foot anthropometry of 199 female high school students in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. The right foot was measured indirectly by 3D laser scanner. There are 16 items in the foot anthropometric measurements. The $6^{th}$ Size Korea (measured by 3D scan data) is used for women's foot data. The results of the 3D measurements data investigation show that the foot length and foot width became longer and wider as the age increased. It is classified by three types after analyzing foot shape. Type 1 (28.1%) represented the shortest foot length, the narrowest foot width as well as the thick foot and long ankle shape. Type 2 (4.3%) represented the wide foot width such as the wide lateral ball width and semi-thickness shape. Type 3 (67.7%) referred to the widest foot width, flat foot and short ankle shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.12 no.1 s.26
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• pp.45-52
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• 1988

To classify the foot type, direct measurements, metatarso-phalanx angle and foot print angle of the right and left foot were measured and analyzed. The results are as follows. 1. The correlation coefficients between right and left foot were high degree, and except medial malleous height, the diffences between right and left foot are not significant. 2. The correlation coefficient among direct measurements of the foot are high degree, tut the correlation coefficients between direct measurements and metatarso-phalanx angle and foot print angle are no or low degree. Therefore, to recognize the foot type, the direct measurements, metatarso-phalanx angle and foot print angle need to be measured independently. 3. According to foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ which is the slender degree of foot, three groups are distinguished: one is slender type of which foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ is less than $40.14\%$, two is standard type of which foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ is $40.14\%{\~}44.30\%$, three is broad type of which foot width/foot $length{\times}100$ is more than $44.30\%$. 4. On the photographs metatarso-phalanx angle was measured, and two groups are distinguished: one is normal type of which the metatarso-phalanx angle is more than $160^{\circ}$ and the other is the deformed type of which the metatarso-Phalanx angle is less than $159^{\circ}$. 5. By foot print angle $30^{\circ}$ which need reformation of the foot, two groups are distinguished: one is normal foot print angle of which the angle is more than $30^{\circ}$ and the other is flat foot print angle of which the angle is less than $30^{\circ}$. 6. Classifications by foot width/foot $length{\times}100$, metatarso-Phalanx angle and foot Print angle are put together, and then foot types are classified into 12 groups such as Table 11.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.297-303
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• 1997

This study was initiated to investigate suitability of men's dress shoe sizes made for young men. Experiments were performed on 172 men for 19 to 29 years of age. Nine dimensions were measured from the subject's right foot and 11 dimensions were measrued from the outline of the foot. The data were analyzed for six different groups. The subjects were grouped by their dress shoe size or the ratio of the foot width to foot length. The result of the experiments lead to the following conclusions: 1. Foot length, metatarsal width and heel width were significantly different among the small, medium and large dress shoe size groups. 2. No significant differences in front foot angle and the inside metatarsal width were found among the above three groups. 3. The difference between wearing shoe size and the foot length was larger for the subjects with wide foot shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 0cm, 2.5cm, 5cm height increase elevator shoes insole on gait and foot pressure Methods: Fifteen young adult were recruited this study. Gait and foot was measured by Gait AnalyzerTM(Tech Storm Inc. korea). Statistical analysis was used one-way ANOVA to know difference between 0cm, 2.5cm insole and 5cm insole Results: There was no significantly difference on foot length, foot width, foot angle, step time during gait. But step length and step width was significantly difference during gait. There was no significantly difference on gait ratio during stance phase. There was significantly difference on forefoot pressure and rearfoot pressure ratio. Conclusion: These results indicate that height increase elevator shoes insole may be caused step length, step width decreaseed during gait. It caused forefoot pressure increased and rearfoot pressure decreased on foot.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.218-223
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• 1996

The foot shape from the right and left feet was taken with 78 male and 213 female Korean subjects. The results are as follows. 1) Mean values and standard deviations of 25items concering the foot : Measurements performed on Korean adults(male and female) show that male left foot length is in average somewhat longer than the corresponding right foot length(25.35Cm against 25.32Cm) and on the contrary that the circumference of the left foot is slightly smaller than for the right foot. For the same tendency is verified in female feet. 2) Correlations between measurement items : Finding a correlation of more than 0.08 only between the foot length to suggest that the present system of ready-made "shoe" size system, based only on foot length, is not a quite appropriate system. 3) Distribution between foot width, foot girth, instep height and foot length : Foot length showed from 21.52Cm to 24.0Cm in the female subjects and from 24.0Cm to 26.5Cm in the male subjects for the standard type. Foot width showed from 7.5Cm to 10.0Cm in female and from 8.5Cm to 10.5Cm in male for the standard type.dard type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1495-1506
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• 2004

This study was attempted to clarify the characteristics of elderly women's foot shape by examining the various measurements of women over 60 years old as compared with those of women in twenties considered as reference group. The subjects were 321 elderly women and 181 young women. Their right feet were measured directly and indirectly by using scanner and digital camera. The anthropometric measurements were composed of 62 items. They were measured during the months of July and August in 2001. As a result of comparing actual measurements of foot between the two groups, it was found that the elderly women tended to have shorter and lower foot than those among the young women. Among the elderly women, in addition, it was revealed that many deformities related to toes or legs led to the toes concentrated to the central axis of feet resulting in relatively steeper lateral angle of toe, and the heels and legs slanting forwards. As a result of comparing index values of foot between the groups, the elderly women's foot had the relatively wide width and low height in comparison with the length, showing more elliptical flattening than those of the young women. And, the width of the inside was wider than that of the outside, and the toe width was relatively short in comparison with the foot width resulting in severe deformities on the toes or the central axis of foot. Therefore, it was found that there were several deformities including flat foot or deformed toes among elderly women. It is expected that the characteristics of elderly women's foot shown in the results mentioned above will be used as the basic data in designing the footwear for elderly women.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.173-181
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• 2007

This is a tentative study to provide prototype of sizing system for children's shoes. For this study, 364 elementary school girls from KyungIn and YeongNam areas were participated in the measurement. The results of the analysis on four measurement items related to foot can be summarized as followings: 1. All of the foot related items were increased according to their growth. Especially, foot length, foot width, and toe width showed a high correlation. 2. The result also revealed that the current sizing system can cover only 70.9% of children in measurement, which means that a new sizing system is required. 3. We suggested a new standard size for foot size/foot circumference based on the results above according to current sizing system, and a new standard size for foot circumference/foot width based on ISO standard. The results of this study would be helpful in the design of sizing system of children's shoe if applied with the raw data of the Size Korea recently measured.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.5 s.142
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• pp.595-606
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to identify foot shapes of elderly women by classifying their foot types according to the shapes of sole (plantar view) of foot and analyzing the characteristics of each type. The subjects were 321 elderly women over 60 years of age. Their right feet were measured indirectly by using .scanner. The anthropometric measurements consist of 32 items. They were measured during the months of July and August in 2001. The results and discussions of this study are as follows. First, in analyzing sole of the foot of elderly women, the shapes of sole were classified as W-type (wider width for its length and severe alteration), A-type (similar to W-type but with narrower width), D-type (protruded outside) and H-type (even foot width). Second, the most characteristic sole type in elderly women was W-type. In this type, the width was wider for its length, the first metatarsophalangeal protrusion was severe and the toes were gathered at the center. Hopefully, understanding the shapes of sole and characteristics of each sole type will help to develop suitable shoes for elderly women.