• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2020

Gangliosides are glycolipids in which oligosaccharide is combined with sialic acids. Our previous studies have suggested an interplay between ganglioside GD1a/GT1b and meiotic maturation capacity in porcine oocyte maturation. Furthermore, ganglioside GD1a and GT1b are known for its antioxidant activity, but it is still unclear whether possible antioxidant role of GD1a and GT1b is involved in porcine embryos development competence during in vitro culture (IVC). Here, the effects of ganglioside GD1a and GT1b on the embryonic developmental competence during in vitro culture of porcine were investigated. The effects of ganglioside GD1a and GT1b on the expression of ST3GAL2 were confirmed during embryos development (2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst) using immunofluorescent staining (IF). As a result, the fluorescent expression of ST3GAl2 was higher in embryos at 4-8 cells stage than blastocysts. Blastocyst development rate significantly increased in only 0.1 μM GD1a and GT1b treated groups compared with control group. To investigate the cellular apoptosis, we analyzed TUNEL assay. In case of only 0.1 μM GD1a and GT1b treated groups, the total number of cells in blastocyst compared with control group, but there was no significant difference in the rate of apoptotic cells. We identified the intracellular ROS levels using DCF-DA staining. According to the result, ROS production significantly decreased in blastocysts derived from the 0.1 μM GD1a and GT1b treated groups. These results suggest that ganglioside GD1a and GT1b improve the developmental competence of porcine embryos via reduction of intracellular ROS during preimplantation stage.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2009

It has been reported that ganglioside GT1b is expressed during neuronal cell differentiation from undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which suggests that ganglioside GT1b has a direct effect on neuronal cell differentiation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous addition of ganglioside GT1b to an in vitro model of neuronal cell differentiation from undifferentiated mESCs. The results revealed that a significant increase in the expression of ganglioside GT1b occurred during neuronal differentiation of undifferentiated mESCs. Next, we evaluated the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on GT1b-treated undifferentiated mESCs, which was found to lead to increased neuronal differentiation. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ganglioside GT1b plays a crucial role in neuronal differentiation of mESCs.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2021

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease with a spectrum of signs. we previously reported that trisialoganglioside (GT)1b is significantly overexpressed in the orbital tissue of TED patients, and that exogenous GT1b strongly induced HA synthesis in orbital fibroblasts. However, the signaling pathway in GT1b-induced hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) expression in orbital fibroblasts from TED patients have rarely been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that GT1b induced phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR in a dose-dependent manner in orbital fibroblasts from TED patients. Both co-treatment with a specific inhibitor for PI3K and siRNA knockdown of TLR2 attenuated GT1b-induced Akt phosphorylation. GT1b significantly induced HAS2 expression at both the transcriptional and translational level, which was suppressed by specific inhibitors of PI3K or Akt/mTOR, and by siRNA knockdown of TLR2. In conclusion, GT1b induced HAS2 in orbital fibroblasts from TED patients via activation of the PI3K-related signaling pathway, dependent on TLR2.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제17권1_2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2010

Background: In recent days, Taping has introduced developing to improve our muscle power and sustaining power more than a fixed idea that taping only functions for muscles and protection of the articulation. Method: This study were conducting in two weeks - 2009 September 1 to September 14 - investigating at random 24 normal adults in H university located at Jinju Korea and the result of experimentation how the application of kinesio taping and Bang-gue taping(B-GT) to rectus abdominal muscle has an effect on the improvement of abdominal muscle strength. Results: the following conclusion was drawn up: 1. As a result of each experience man and woman with abdominal muscle strength, each experience all man and woman with abdominal muscle strength(p=0.01) came out to have interrelation difference. 2. As a result of comparing B-GT with age-abdominal muscle strength, B-GT(p=0.02) came out to have interrelation difference. 3. As a result of comparing after before kinesio taping and after before B-GT with abdominal muscle strength, after before kinesio taping and after before B-GT(p=0.00) came out to have interrelation difference. Also, as a result of comparing after kinesio B-GT, after kinesio B-GT(p=0.03) came out to have interrelation difference. Conclusion: As mentioned above, this study showed how the application of kinesio taping and B-GT to affected the improvement of abdominal muscle strength.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.134-149
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• 2016

Objectives : Gal-Geun-Tang (GT) has been described from SANGHAN in Korean traditional medicine and known to act against cold, fever, hypertension, and nasal catarrh. However, little has yet been learned about the effect of GT on immune function. In the current study, in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of GT (water extract) was investigated.Methods : Water extract of GT induced in vitro proliferation of spleen cells and significantly increased their proliferative responses during anti-CD3 activation. Using purified splenic T and B cells, it was revealed that GT has a mitogenic activity to B cells and promotes their proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide, whereas T cell proliferation was not triggered and GT was rather inhibitory to T cell activation caused by anti-CD3 antibody. In the presence of antigen presenting cells (APC), GT addition resulted in a significant increase of IFNγ and IL-4, but not IL-2, production. However, addition of high concentration (1,000㎍/㎖) of GT led to a marked reduction in T cell cytokine production and under such condition, GT facilitated apoptosis of T cells when examined by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining.Results : In vivo immunomdulation of GT was also investigated using a mouse model. Following keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization, GT (1 ㎎/day) was orally administered for 9 days. Cell numbers in thymus, spleen and peripheral blood were not altered by GT administration, indicating that such dose is not immunotoxic. Cell numbers in draining lymph nodes (LN) and ex vivo Ag-specific proliferation of LN cells were significantly elevated by GT administration. However, any preferential stimulation of T or B and CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations was not observed in a flow cytometric analysis of LN cells. This result shows that GT does not promote in vivo B cell proliferation while GT enhances Ag-specific proliferation of LN cells, unlike what was observed in vitro.Conclusions : For a further understanding of in vivo immunomodulatory activity of GT, ex vivo cytokine production of LN cells obtained from KLH-immunized mice was evaluated. Ag-specific IFNγ production was significantly higher in GT-treated mice when compared to PBS-treated control mice. In contrast, IL-4 production in GT-treated group was comparable to control group unlike to in vitro data. In addition, GT administration did not result in any significant differences in serum levels of Ig (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2a) between GT-treated and control groups. Taken together, these data strongly support that GT promotes immune response, more profoundly type 1 helper T cell (Th1) activity and GT may be applicable for treatment of intracellular parasite infection such as viral diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1070-1083
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• 2015

A gene (GT-SM3B) encoding a thermostable secreted oligoendopeptidase (GT-SM3B) was cloned from the thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans DSM 15325. GT-SM3B is 1,857 bp in length and encodes a single-domain protein of 618 amino acids with a 23-residue signal peptide having a calculated mass of 67.7 kDa after signal cleavage. The deduced amino acid sequence of GT-SM3B contains a conservative zinc metallopeptidase motif (His⁴⁰⁰-Glu⁴⁰¹-X-XHis⁴⁰⁴). The described oligopeptidase belongs to the M3B subfamily of metallopeptidases and displays the highest amino acid sequence identity (40.3%) to the oligopeptidase PepF_Ba from mesophilic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23-7A among the characterized oligopeptidases. Secretory production of GT-SM3B was used, exploiting successful oligopeptidase signal peptide recognition by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant enzyme was purified from the culture fluid. Homodimerization of GT-SM3B was determined by SDS-PAGE. Both the homodimer and monomer were catalytically active within a pH range of 5.0–8.0, at pH 7.3 and 40℃, showing the K_m, V_max, and k_cat values for carbobenzoxy-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ala-OH peptidolysis to be 2.17 ± 0.04 × 10^-6 M, 2.65 ± 0.03 × 10^-3 µM/min, and 5.99 ± 0.07 s^-1, respectively. Peptidase remained stable at a broad pH range of 5.0–8.0. GT-SM3B was thermoactive, demonstrating 84% and 64% of maximum activity at 50℃ and 60℃, respectively. The recombinant oligopeptidase is one of the most thermostable M3B peptidase, retaining 71% residual activity after incubation at 60℃ for 1 h. GT-SM3B was shown to hydrolyze a collagenous peptide mixture derived from various types of collagen, but less preferentially than synthetic hexapeptide. This study is the first report on an extracellular thermostable metallo-oligopeptidase.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1064-1068
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• 1999

This study was quality changes of sulgiduk added green tea powder during storage. Sulgiduk prepared with various concentrations of green tea powder; 0%(control group), 0.5%(GT 0.5 group), 1%(GT 1.0 group), 1.5%(GT 1.5 group), 2%(GT 2.0 group), and the changes of its quality during 7 days of storage were investigated. Total microbe numbers, the acidity and pH in sulgiduk during storage were decreased with increasing the added amounts of a green tea powder, and especially those of GT 1.0 and GT 1.5 groups had relatively the lower than other groups. The "L" value(lightness) of the control group was the highest among five groups, and its value was decreased throughout storage, and especially GT 0.5 groups had the lowest brightness. The "a" value(reddness) of the control group was higher than other four groups, and increased GT 2.0>GT 1.5>GT 1.0>GT 0.5 groups, in that order. The "b" value(yel lowness) was increased in the order; GT 2.0>GT 1.5>GT 1.0>GT 0.5 groups. These results indicated that GT 1.0 group showed the best quality than other groups of sulgiduk during storage. of sulgiduk during storage.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2006

일본 청국장에서 분리된 Bacillus firmus NA-1과 재래청국장에서 분리 한 Bacillus subtilis GT-D를 이용하여 전지활성 생 대두미세분말(MFS)첨가 및 발효시간에 따른 비지 발효물의 혈전용해효소, 가수분해효소, 점질물, 펩타이드 생산 및 풍미개선 효과를 알아보았다. $84\%$의 수분함량을 포함하는 비지에 대두미세분말을 10, 15, $20\%$ 첨가함으로써 78, 74, $70\%$로 수분함량을 감소시킬 수 있으며, 발효시간이 경과할수록 tyrosine함량이 증가하였으며, B. firmus NA-1 균주보다는 B. subtilis GT-D 균주를 사용하는 경우에 높은 값을 보였다. 발효비지의 점조도는 B. firmus NA-1 균주를 이용한 발효물이 높은 값을 보였으며, 두 균주 모두 MFS $20\%$를 첨가한 후 26시간 발효한 발효물에서 2.18, $0.35\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$로 가장 높은 점조도 값을 나타내었다. 혈전용해효소 역시 B. firmus NA-1 균주를 이용한 비지 청국장에서 $10\%$ 이상의 높은 활성을 보였으며, 발효 22시간까지 증가하다가 26시간 부터는 큰 변화가 없거나 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 $20\%$의 MFS를 첨가한 후 $42^{\circ}C$에서 22시간 동안 발효하는 것이 발효취 생성을 최소화하는 조건이라 사료되었다. 비지청국장의 동결건조는 청국장 냄새 및 수분함량을 $6\%$ 수준으로 줄일 수 있었으며, 혈전용해효소의 활성을 포함하였다. B. firmus NA-1 균주를 이용한 시료에서는 615 unit/g의 가장 높은 protease의 활성을 보였으며, B. subtilis GT-D 균주를 이용한 시료에서는 $1903\;mg\%$의 tyrosine 함량 및 180 unit/g의 a-amylase의 활성을 나타내었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2009

We introduce the notion of GT-algebras as a generalization of the concept of Tarski algebras. We introduce the notion of GT-filters in GT-algebras, and we prove some properties of GT-filters.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.224-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the optimal mixing ratio of green tea powder, sugar, and water for the preparation of Seolgiddeok through Response Surface Methodology based on the color, sensory, and texture test. The oganoleptic and textural properties of Seolgiddeok prepared with various concentrations of green tea powder (0% (control group), 0.5% (GT-0.5 group), 1% (GT-1.0 group), 1.5% (GT-1.5 group), 2% (GT-2.0 group)), and their quality changes during storage were also investigated. The optimal mixing ratio of green tea powder, sugar, and water for preparing the best quality Seolgiddeok was 1.0%, 12%, and 22%, respectively. The proximate composition of green tea powder was 21.70% of crude protein, 8.49% of crude lipid, 2.95% of reducing sugar, and 6.40% of ash. The contents of crude lipid, reducing sugar, and catechins in Seolgiddeok added with a green tea powder were increased with increasing the content of green tea powder. The hardness and gumminess of GT-1.0 group were the lowest among four groups, whereas GT-1.0 and GT-2.0 groups had the lowest cohesiveness. While the control group was the lowest in adhesiveness, the springness was not significantly different among all groups. GT-0.5 and GT-1.5 groups were the highest in sweet taste and colorfulness, respectively. However, GT-1.0 group had the best overall quality. Total microbial numbers, the acidity and pH in Seolgiddeok during storage were decreased with increasing green tea powder content, and especially those of GT-1.0 and GT-1.5 groups were relatively the lower than others. The “L” value (lightness) of the control group (no additives) was the highest among five groups, and the value was decreased with storage period, and especially GT-0.5 groups had the lowest brightness. The“a”value (reddness) of the control group was the highest, followed by GT-0.5, GT-1.0, GT-1.5, and GT- 2.0 group in order. The“b”value (yellowness) was increased with the increase of green tea powder content. Above results indicated that GT-1.0 group showed the best quality of Seolgiddeok through organoleptic and rheology tests.