• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2015

Background : To control ginseng gray mold, farmers have mainly used inorganic chemical based fungicides. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of such control methods. Such pesticides also carry additional problems, such as diffuse pollution. Methods and Results : Six treatments of organic agricultural materials were tested for control of ginseng gray mold, CAPW (Chrysophanic acid + Phytoncide + Wood vinegar), EmEWV (Emodin + Ethanol + Wood vinegar), CEWV (Curcumin + Eugenol + Wood vinegar), Bacillus subtilis, soybean oil and sulfur. The control effect for gray mold by a single application of the agrochemical fungicide industrial Fenhexamid wettable powder (WP) was 84.4%. The control effect by CAPW, EmEWV and CEWV varied between 52.7 - 64.9%. The control effect by B. subtilis, soybean oil, and sulfur were 32.9 - 59.2%. Conclusions : In the field tests, CAPW showed the highest control effects when used before, and at first stage of disease incidence, against ginseng gray mold.

• Mycobiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.339-342
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• 2015

The use of microorganisms and their secreted molecules to prevent plant diseases is considered an attractive alternative and way to supplement synthetic fungicides for the management of plant diseases. Strain BS062 was selected based on its ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, a major causal fungus of postharvest root rot of ginseng and strawberry gray mold disease. Strain BS062 was found to be closely related to Streptomyces hygroscopicus (99% similarity) on the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Postharvest root rot of ginseng and strawberry gray mold disease caused by B. cinerea were controlled up to 73.9% and 58%, respectively, upon treatment with culture broth of Streptomyces sp. BS062. These results suggest that strain BS062 may be a potential agent for controlling ginseng postharvest root rot and strawberry gray mold disease.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2018

본 연구는 표고 수확 후 배지의 물추출물(WESMS)과 70% 메탄올 추출물(MeOHSMS)의 인삼잿빛곰팡이병원균에대한 항균활성과 병 방제효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행 되었다. WESMS와 MeOHSMS는 35%와 75%의 균사생장 억제율을 보였으며 MeOHSMS는 포자발아를 95% 이상 억제시켰다. WESMS와 MeOHSMS는 병 발병정도가 1.2와 0.7로서 대조구 4.5보다 현저히 낮게 나타났으며 80% 이상의 방제효과를 보였다. MeOHSMS 처리시 인삼잎에서 페놀함량이 28.0 mg GAE/100 g로 물 처리구 18.0 mg GAE/100g과 BABA 처리구 23 mg GAE/100g 보다 페놀함량이 18%에서 35% 증가되었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2017

To develop a commercial product using the mycoparasitic fungus Simplicillium lamellicola BCP, the scale-up of conidia production from a 5-l jar to a 5,000-l pilot bioreactor, optimization of the freeze-drying of the fermentation broth, and preparation of a wettable powder-type formulation were performed. Then, its disease control efficacy was evaluated against gray mold diseases of tomato and ginseng plants in field conditions. The final conidial yields of S. lamellicola BCP were $3.3{\times}10^9conidia/ml$ for a 5-l jar, $3.5{\times}10^9conidia/ml$ for a 500-l pilot vessel, and $3.1{\times}10^9conidia/ml$ for a 5,000-l pilot bioreactor. The conidial yield in the 5,000-l pilot bioreactor was comparable to that in the 5-l jar and 500-l pilot vessel. On the other hand, the highest conidial viability of 86% was obtained by the freeze-drying method using an additive combination of lactose, trehalose, soybean meal, and glycerin. Using the freeze-dried sample, a wettable powder-type formulation (active ingredient 10%; BCP-WP10) was prepared. A conidial viability of more than 50% was maintained in BCP-WP10 until 22 weeks for storage at $40^{\circ}C$. BCP-WP10 effectively suppressed the development of gray mold disease on tomato with control efficacies of 64.7% and 82.6% at 500- and 250-fold dilutions, respectively. It also reduced the incidence of gray mold on ginseng by 65.6% and 81.3% at 500- and 250-fold dilutions, respectively. The results indicated that the new microbial fungicide BCP-WP10 can be used widely to control gray mold diseases of various crops including tomato and ginseng.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.483-488
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• 2014

Lime-bordeaux mixture (LBM) has been used instead of pesticides in ginseng field and orchard since the 1960's in Korea. In this experiment, LBM was made with different concentrations and sprayed in the field of ginseng for eco-friendly cultivation. Growth characteristics and disease such as alternaria blight, anthracnose, and gray mold were investigated in 4-5 year old ginseng after spraying LBM. LBM caused a little damage on leaf when it was sprayed at the time of leafing stage, late April and early May. Root weights of five-year-old ginseng were 43.1~51.5 g and 41.2~46.6 g in the plot of mid-April and mid-May treatments, respectively. These growth levels were further reduced as compared with that of the chemicals treatment plot. The rate of diseases in the plot of 6-6 and 8-8 ratio were 0.0~4.8% and 0.0~4.4%, respectively, which was similar with that in the plot of chemical control for alternaria blight and anthracnose. However, LBM had little effect on controling gray mold. It showed lower control effect in the plot of 4-4 ratio than that of chemical control. This result will be expected to be a useful guide that can be used in the field to the farmers of the ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

인삼 고년생 결주의 주원인으로 작용하는 잿빛곰팡이병 방 제을 위한 기초 연구로 병원균을 분리, 동정하고 이들의 균학 적 특성을 구명하였다. 잿빛곰팡이병반으로부터 균을 분리하 여 분생포자의 형태적 특징을 관찰하고 RPB2 유전자의 염기 서열 분석을 실시한 결과 분리균은 Botrytis cinerea로 동정되 었다. 균핵을 이용한 병원성 검정 결과 공시한 3균주 중 1균 주는 병원성, 2 균주는 비병원성을 나타내었다. 주사전자현미 경으로 균핵을 관찰한 결과 병원성 균주는 표면이 주름지고 거친 반면 비병원성 균주는 매끈하였다. 균핵 형성은 $5{\sim}20^{\circ}C$, 암 상태에서 양호하였으며, 0.5% 고죽을 첨가한 배 지에서 10배 정도 증가하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.773-783
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• 2023

Background: Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to B. cinerea could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1. BcSpd1 encodes Zn(II)₂Cys₆ transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △BcSpd1 mutants reduced fungal virulence. Methods: We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by B. cinerea △BcSpd1. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed. Results: We found that △BcSpd1 enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △BcSpd1 on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth. Conclusion: B. cinerea △BcSpd1 could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2019

본 연구는 논 직파재배 인삼포에서 발생되는 월동병해의 경종적 방제기술 개발과 효과를 구명하기 위하여 실험하였던 바, 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 인삼포장의 월동기간동안에 발생하는 부패의 원인은 Botrytis cinerea 균에 의한 잿빛곰팡이병으로, 10월이나 11월에 발생되며 이듬해 2, 3월에 집중적으로 발생하는 경향을 보였다. 해가림 자재별 잿빛곰팡이병 발생은 차광지 해가림에서 6.5%, PE차광망은 16.8% 및 볏짚 해가림자재는 29.5% 순으로 발생하였고, 잿빛곰팡이병균의 감염은 월동 전에 잎에 감염되고, 이후 줄기로 2차감염이 이루어지는 것으로 나타났다. 인삼 지상부의 잿빛곰팡이병 균핵형성은 10월 20일에 26.6%, 11월 20일에 33.7%, 12월 20일에는 41.8%로 증가되는 경향이었다. 고사한 인삼의 잎과 줄기를 제거하는데 필요한 힘은 1, 2년생은 각각 0.2 kg, 0.94 kg, 3년생은 2.5 kg, 4년생 및 5년생은 5 kg의 많은 힘이 필요하였고, 월동 후에는 1 kg 내외로 쉽게 탈락되어 제거가 가능하였다. 년생별로 잎과 줄기 제거 후 병 발생율은 4, 5, 6년생에서 각각 2.5%, 1.2% 및 2.2% 의 병 발생주율을 보인 반면, 무제거시에는 8.8%, 13.0% 및 18.2%의 높은 병 발생주율을 보였다. 이식재배포장과 직파재배포장 모두 해가림자재를 걷어 놓은 경우, 두둑상면에 복토나 비닐을 피복한 경우 결주율이 감소되고, 출아본수는 증가하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.790-800
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• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods: We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results: Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and ∆BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion: This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.

• 식물병연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2009

본 연구는 정유를 이용하여 환경친화적으로 Botrytis cinerea에 의한 수삼 저장병 방제방법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 정유의 일종인 methyl eugenol은 200 ppm 농도의 배지상에서 80% 이상의 높은 균사 생육억제 효과를 나타냈다. 상온에서 수삼에 직접 처리 시 무처리구에서 80% 이상의 발병률을 보일 때 methyl eugenol이나 thymol 모두 분무와 침지처리구에서 10~20% 이하로 낮게 발병하여 높은 병 방제효과를 보였다. 저온($4^{\circ}C$)에서의 처리결과도 실온과 비슷하게 포장크기와 상관없이 무처리구에 비해 발병률이 매우 낮게 나타나 역시 실용적인 효과가 뛰어났다. 2 kg 이상을 분석한 대포장 실험에서도 무처리구는 발병지수가 1.65를 보인 반면 methyl eugenol은 0.60으로 개체별 발병면적이 상대적으로 매우 좁게 나타났다. 그러나 두 물질(methyl eugenol+thymol)의 혼합처리에 의한 상승효과는 확인할 수 없었다. Methyl eugenol은 잔류독성이 없고 수삼 저장병 발생 억제효과가 뚜렷해 수삼 저장 시 처리할 수 있는 환경친화적 제제로서 활용 가능하며 특히 신선한 상태로 섭취가 가능해야하는 수삼의 특성으로 볼 때 수삼 저장병 방제제로서의 활용가치는 더욱 클 것으로 판단된다.