• Applied Microscopy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Retinal glial responses to hypertensive glaucomatous injury were spatiotemporally surveyed. Retinas as a whole or vertical sections were processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), anti-Iba1, anti-nerve growth factor (NGF), and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopic analyses. The optic nerve head of paired controls was processed for electron microscopy. GFAP positive astrocytes appeared in the nerve fiber layer in the glaucomatous and control retinas, changing from fine protoplasmic to stout fibrous parallel to glaucomatous duration. Iba1 positive microglia appeared in both retinas, and enormous reaction appeared at the latest glaucomatous. M$\ddot{u}$ller reaction detected by GFAP reactivity expanded from the end feet to whole profile following to duration in the glaucomatous. NGF reactivity expended from the end feet to the proximal radial processes of the M$\ddot{u}$ller cells in both retinas according to glaucomatous duration. TNF-${\alpha}$ immunoreactivity in the nerve fiber layer was stronger in both the glaucomatous and controls than in the normal, and exceptionally at the latest glaucomatous was even lower than the normal. The astrocytes in the optic nerve head are interconnected with each other via gap junction. These results demonstrate that astrocyte reaction propagates to the contralateral via physical links, and TNF-${\alpha}$ is correlated with NGF production for neuroprotection in response to hypertensive glaucomatous injury.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2020

Oxidative stress is common cause of neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vitro free radical scavenging activity and protective effect of three Glycyrrhiza species including Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and a new variety of Glycyrrihza (Shinwongam, SW) against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in C6 glial cells. In vitro assays, radical scavenging activities of G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ·OH, and O2- increased as concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the SW was found to contain the highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The treatment of H2O2 to C6 glial cell induced oxidative stress, whereas G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW significantly increased the cell viability as dose-dependent manner. In particular, SW exerted stronger protective effect on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, than G. uralensis and G. glabra. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was significantly elevated by H2O2 in C6 glial cells. However, treatments of G. uralensis, G. glabra, and SW decreased ROS formation. In addition, SW decreased pro-inflammatory related protein expression levels such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, compared to H2O2-treated control group. These results indicated that G. uralensis and G. glavra, especially SW, may be useful for preventing from oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage by regulating inflammatory reaction.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.293.3-294
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• 2002

In the brain, glial cells serve in the role to sequester metal from the neural microenvironment and therefore play an important role as a cellular deposition site. The central nervous system is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress, and free iron can stimulate oxidative stress by the Fenton reaction. Aluminum may upregulates the transferrin-independent iron uptake system and stimulate oxidative stress. Nramp2. also known as DMT 1. is a 12-transmembrane(TM) domain protein responsible for dietary iron uptake as well as metal ions such as iron. lead, mangamese. zinc. copper, and cobait. (omitted)

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.411-420
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• 1996

A zinc-specific method (selenium method) has been employed to identify the zinc-containing cells in the cerebellum of the rats. When rats were allowed to survive 24 hours after the sodium selenite administration, zinc selenide reaction products formed in zinc-containing cellular boutons are retrogradely transported to the somata of those boutons. And the zinc selenide products accumulated in somata of the cells can be rendered visible by silver amplification of developer. Zinc-containing cells identified by the method were Bergmann glial and granule cells. Labeled zinc-containing cells were absent in molecular layer and white matter of the cerebellum. In ultrastructural level, the zinc selenide products were located in lysosomes of somata of the zinc-containing cells.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2018

Chronic oxidative stress due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neuronal cells ultimately leads to neurodegenerative diseases. The use of natural therapies for the prevention of ROS-induced cell damage and for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders has shown promising results. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of A. okamotoanum against the hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative stress in C6 glial cells. Results show that cell viability was decreased in cells incubated with $H_2O_2$, whereas the addition of EtOAc fraction treatments in such cells significantly increased viability. The EtOAc fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity against ROS production and it also decreased the expressions of inflammatory proteins including cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-$1{\beta}$. Furthermore, the EtOAc fraction inhibited apoptosis by regulating the protein expressions cleaved caspase -9, -3, poly ADP ribose polymerase, Bax and Bcl-2. Therefore, these results show that the EtOAc fraction of A. Okamotoanum exhibits neuroprotective effects against $H_2O_2$ induced oxidative damage by regulating the inflammatory reaction and apoptotic pathway.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.782-791
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• 1997

Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) are a group of intermediate filaments that are distributed in the cytoplasm of many type of glial cells. The purpose of this study was to determine change of GFAP immunoreactivity(GFAP-IR) in rat trigeminal ganglion satellite cells in response to pulp exposure. The immunohistochemistry was carried out using the avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex(ABC) method and subsequently stained with AEC(3-aminoethyl-9-carbasol). 1. Contol group; Central root astrocytes had strong GFAP-IR, but ganglion satellite cells occasionlly had GFAP-IR. This reaction patterns of ganglion satellite cells was not concenturated in any specific region of trigeminal ganglion. 2. Three day pulp exposure group; There was a highly GFAP-IR in satellite cells of trigeminal ganglion in maxillary region. GFAP-IR in neighboring mandibular and ophthalmic regions was less intense compared to maxillary region. 3. Seven day pulp exposure group; In this group, GFAP-IR that was increased compared to control group was seen in the maxillary region. But GFAP-IR was less intense compared to three day pulp exposure group. These results suggest that GFAP in satellite cell increase in specific region of trigeminal ganglion after pulp exposure and offer useful tool in trigeminal pain research.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 2007

Following CNS injury, inhibitory influences at the site of axonal damage occur. Glial cells become reactive and form a glial scar, gliosis. Astrocyte-rich gliosis relates with up-regulation of GFAP and CD81, and eventually becomes physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. It is postulated that the astrocytic reaction is absent, regeneration of axons can occur. And it was reported that treatment with anti CD81 antibodies enhanced functional recovery in the rat with spinal cord injury. So in this current study, the author investigated the effect of the water extract of Persicae Semen on the regulation of GFAP and CD81 that increase when gliosis occurs. Persicae Semen decreased the expression of GFAP and CD81 in astrocyte cell by ELISA method. Persicae Semen decreased the RNA expression of CD81 and GFAP. The proteins that separate in whole cell were analaysed by western blot, and the expression of GFAP and CD81 was decreased. In vivo, rats brains were peformed cortical stab wound, the water extracts of Persicae Semen were injected for 7 days, 30 days. As a result, GFAP and CD81 expression were decreased in immunohistochemistry. These findings demonstrate that Persicae Semen decreases GFAP and CD81 expression. Accordingly, Persicae Semen could be a candidate for promotion of axon regeneration after CNS injury.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.137-148
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• 2007

Objectives : Following central nervous system (CNS) injury, inhibitory influences at the site of axonal damage occur. Glial cells become reactive and form a glial scar, know as gliosis. As well,myelin debris such as MAG inhibits axonal regeneration. Astrocyte-rich gliosis relates to up-regulation of GFAP and CD81, and eventually becomes a physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. It is postulated that when the astrocytic reaction is absent, regeneration of axons can occur. It was reported that treatment with anti CD81 antibodies enhanced functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Methods : MAG is one of several endogenous axon regeneration inhibitors that limit recovery from central nervous system injury and disease. It was reported that molecules which block such inhibitors enhanced axon regeneration and functional recovery. Results : In this current study, the author investigated the effect of the water extract of Ginseng Radix on the regulation of CD81, GFAP and MAG which increases when gliosis occurs. MTT analysis was performed to examine cell viability, and cell based ELISA, Western Blot and PCR were used to detect the expression of CD81, GFAP and MAG. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to confirm in vivo. Conclusions : We observed that Ginseng Radix significantly down-regulates the expression of CD81, GFAP and MAG by means of cell based ELISA, Western Blot and PCR. In immunohistochemistry, expression of CD81, GFAP and MAG also decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that Ginseng Radix can be a candidate for regenerating CNS injury.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1147-1150
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• 2004

Hypericin (1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione), an antidepressant which is also known to be a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor was synthesized as a precursor for radioiodine labeling via two step reactions. Malignant glioma cells express higher PKC activity compared to untransformed glial cell. Here we report the synthesis and radioiodine labeling of hypericin as a potential brain tumor imaging radiopharmaceutical. The reference compound, 2-iodohypericin, and its radiolabelled analogues, 2-[$^{123}I$]iodohypericin and 2-[$^{124}I$]iodohypericin have been prepared by the reaction of hypericin with NaI or [$^{123}I$]NaI or [$^{124}I$]NaI. The labeling yield was 60-65% for each analogue and the optimal reaction time was 10 min. The purification and isolation of the labelled products were achieved by a reversed-phase HPLC.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2008

Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses severely by a gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Epidemiological studies showed that the incidences of PD were reduced by smoking of which the major component, nicotine might be neuroprotective. But the function of nicotine, which might suppress the incidences of PD, is still unknown. Fortunately, recently it was reported that a glial reaction and inflammatory processes might participate in a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN. The levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ synthesised by astrocytes and microglia are elevated in striatum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PD. TNF-${\alpha}$ kills the cultured dopaminergic neurons through the apoptosis mechanism. TNF-${\alpha}$ release from glial cells may mediate progression of nigral degeneration in PD. Nicotine pretreatment considerably decreases microglial activation with significant reduction of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression and TNF-${\alpha}$ release induced by lipopholysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Thus, this study was intended to explore the role of nicotine pretreatment to inhibit the expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in human fetal astrocytes (HFA) stimulated with IL-$1{\beta}$. The results are as follows: HFA were pretreated with 0.1, 1, and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of nicotine and then stimulated with IL-$1{\beta}$ (100 pg/mL) for 2h. The inhibitory effect of nicotine on expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in HFA with pretreated $0.1{\mu}g/mL$ of nicotine was first noted at 8hr, and the inhibitory effect was maximal at 12 h. The inhibitory effect at $1{\mu}g/mL$ of nicotine was inhibited maximal at 24 h. Cytotoxic effects of nicotine were noted above $10{\mu}g/mL$ of nicotine. Moreover, Nicotine at 0.1, 1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$concentrations significantly inhibited IL-$1{\beta}$-induced TF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Collectively, these results indicate that in activated HFA, nicotine may inhibit the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA through the pathway which suppresses the NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. This study suggests that nicotine might be neuroprotective to dopaminergic neurons in the SN and reduce the incidences of PD.