• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.139-151
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• 2007

To protect the surface of ground-cutting slopes and ground-raised slopes and to recover environment-friendly slopes at the national road expansion construction between Gamchon and Yaechon, test-construction work was done using several modes of hydro-seeding measures to select a suitable construction method through the field survey; the results were as follows : As a result of survey on physio-chemical characteristics of soil, the average soil inclination on ground-raised slopes was from 4.73 mm to 5.37 mm; the average soil acidity was from pH 6.47 to 6.73; the average soil humidity was within the scope of 0.57~1.70 %,; the average soil inclination on ground-cutting slopes was 9.17~10.43mm; the average soil acidity was pH 6.67~6.77 and the average soil humidity was within the scope of 0.53~1.27 %; considered overall, they showed generally satisfactory base materials for plant breeding. As a result of the number of sprouting individuals, the average sprouting number of individuals on test spots executed by Coir net with Seed spray construction methods and the average number of sprouting individuals on other test spots executed by furrow-digging with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures were 1,172 number of per square meter and 970 number of per square meter respectively; thus they showed higher numerical value comparing with other test spots. Likewise, the average number of sprouting individuals on test spots of the ground-cutting slopes executed by Coir net with Seed spray method and the average number of sprouting individuals on other test spot executed by furrow-digger with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures were found to be 1,107 number of per square meter and 1,105 number of per square meter respectively, whose numerical value showed rather higher other test spots. As a result of a survey on living plants' breeding index [dried weight], the weight in dried state on test spots executed by Coir net with Seed spray method and other test spots executed by furrow-digger with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures on both ground-raised and ground-cutting slopes was found to be higher and showed similar characteristics statistically. As a result of survey on the surface-covering degree of ground-raised slopes, nine weeks after test construction, test spots executed by Coir net with Seed spray method and other test spots executed by furrow-digger with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures showed commonly more than 70% of surface-covering degree, but other test spots showed only below 35% of surface covering degree; especially in case of test spots by Verdvol seed spray measures, they showed 10% of the lowest surface-covering. Surface-covering degree on the test spot of ground-cutting slopes nine weeks after test construction showed more than 75% both executed by Coir net with Seed spray construction method and executed by furrow-digger with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures. As a result of survey on appearing plants on the test spots, there dominates Eragrostis curvula both on ground-raised slopes and on ground-cutting slopes with other seeding plant life's lower breeding and there appear intruders, such as Setaria viridis Beauv, Digitaria sanguinalis Scop, and Chenopodium album var.centrorubrum Makino. As for water-borne excavation and soil's washing-away on the slopes, there happened less washing-away and water-borne excavation with good breeding of plant life on test spots executed both by Coir net with Seed spray construction method and by furrow-digger with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures, but there happened much more soil's washing-away along with water-home excavation at the test spot executed by Seed spray with measures. After the research results of test construction sites are examined overall, it's presumed that furrow-digger with Seed spray and Straw mat-mulching measures [interval between lines is 40cm, 5cm in depth] will be preferred to prevent erosion and water-home excavation of slopes located within the construction sites.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.198-206
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• 2023

In this study, visualization of in-cylinder spray behavior and spark channel stretching by air flow characteristics depending on engine operating conditions were investigated. For in-cylinder spray behavior, increase in engine rpm did not alter the counter-clockwise air flow direction and location of in-cylinder dominant air flow but increased average air flow velocity, which hindered spray propagation parallel to the piston surface. When injection timing was retarded, direction of in-cylinder dominant air flow was changed, and average air flow velocity was reduced resulting in an increase in spray penetration length and change in direction. For spark channel stretching, increase in air flow speed did not affect spark channel stretch direction but affected length due to increase in spark channel resistance and limitation of energy ignition coil can handle. Change in air flow direction affected spark channel stretch direction where the air flow was obstructed by ground electrode which caused spark channel direction to occur in the opposing direction of air flow. It also affected spark channel stretch length due to change in air flow speed around the spark plug electrode from the interaction between the air flow and ground electrode.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2015

To assess downward positions of water spray for the small-scale release of chlorine gas, dispersion coefficients for the Gaussian dispersion model were validated at the small-scale release experiment. And the downwind distances of water spray were assessed with the simulated results. As results, the Gaussian plume model using the Briggs' dispersion coefficient well estimated the dispersed characteristics for small-scale release of chlorine gas. The best adequate downwind position of water spray is the position of the maximum concentration of chlorine at the ground level. And the adequate vertical and horizontal dimensions of water spray consider the maximum width and height of cloud.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권4호
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• pp.571-576
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• 1998

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 솔잎혹파리가 우화(羽化)하여 지면(地面)에서 교미후(交尾後) 수상(樹上)으로 비상(飛上), 소나무 신엽(新葉)에 산란(産卵)하는 생태적(生態的) 특성(特性)을 이용(利用)하여, 성충우화기(成蟲羽化期)에 피해임지내(被害林地內)에 분무장치(噴霧裝置)(Sprinkler system)을 설치(設置)하고 저농도(低濃度)의 약제(藥劑)를 지면(地面)에 살포(撒布)함으로써 우화(羽化) 및 교미성충(交尾成蟲)의 살충(殺蟲)에 의(依)하여 솔잎혹파리의 피해(被害)를 방지(防止)할 목적(目的)으로 실시(實施)하였으며 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Sprinkler system에 의(依)한 fenitrothion 50% EC 및 deltamethrin 1% EC의 지면살포임분(地面撒布林分)의 평균(平均) 충영형성율(蟲癭形成率)은 각각(各各) 3.40%와 5.23%로서 무처리구(無處理區)의 45.69%에 비(比)하여 92.3% 및 88.2%의 높은 방제효과(防除效果)가 있었으며, 수관부위별(樹冠部位別) 충영형성율(蟲癭形成率)은 2개약종(個藥種) 공(共)히 상부(上部)보다는 하부(下部)에서 낮게 나타났으며 수관하부(樹冠下部)의 평균충영형성율(平均蟲癭形成率)은 0.66%로서 98% 이상(以上)의 높은 방제효과(防除效果)가 있었다. 2. Deltamethrin 1%에 의(依)한 2.000배(倍) 및 3,000배액(倍液)의 처리농도간(處理濃度間)의 평균충영형성율(平均蟲癭形成率)과 방제가(防除價)는 각각(各各) 5.23% 및 18.00%와 89.44% 및 63.66%로서 농도간(濃度間)에는 방제효과(防除效果)에 높은 차이(差異)가 있었다. 3. Deltamethrin 1% EC 2,000배액(倍液)의 살포회수별(撒布回數別) 효과비교(效果比較)에서 매일살포구(每日撒布區)의 충영형성율(蟲癭形成率)은 5.2%(방제가(防除價) 90.2%)인데 비(比)하여 2일(日) 및 3일간격살포구(日間隔撒布區)의 충영형성율(蟲癭形成率)은 각각(各各) 20.7%(방제가(防除價) 61.2%) 및 34.8%(방제가(防除價) 34.8%)로서 매일(每日) 실시(實施)하는 것이 효과적(效果的)이었다. 4. Deltamethrin 1% EC의 2,000배액(倍液) 및 3,000배액(倍液)에 의(依)한 지면약제살포(地面藥劑撒布)는 개미와 거미 등(等) 지표서식동물(地表棲息動物)의 밀도변동(密度變動)에 별(別) 영향(影響)을 주지 않았다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2007

Uniformity of spray deposit is one of the important factors in spray performance affecting efficacy of pest management. Distributions of spray deposit on artificial targets were measured and analyzed to enhance the efficiency of spray application. The research was studied to understand the deposition characteristics of spray droplets and to determine the optimum conditions of chemical application. The deposit and its pattern by the lower fan speed was more uniform and higher than that by the higher fan speed. The upward blasting distance was limited within 3 m, but the limit to the ground level was expanded the distance more than 3.5 m because of the accumulated droplets. When the fan speed was higher at the distance of 2.5 m, deposit reached to maximum. When the distance increased, deposit was getting lower. At the both fan speeds, the deposit was concentrated below $30^{\circ}$ because of the gravitation and the resistance of wind. This research can be useful in designing an orchard sprayer and its operation for various tree canopies. To achieve a uniform distribution of deposit using the air-blast type orchard sprayer, the application rate from the middle boom should be increased as the air velocity to the upward increased. The spray rate to the side boom should be limited in a minimal level.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제83권3호
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• pp.311-321
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• 1994

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 춘기(春期)에 솔잎혹파리 성충(成蟲)이 우화(羽化)하여 지상(地上)에서 교미후(交尾後) 소나무 신엽(新葉)에, 산란(産卵)하는 생태적(生態的) 특성(特性)을 이용(利用), 성충우화기(成蟲羽化期)에 임분내(林分內) 또는 수관상부(樹冠上部)에 분무장치(噴霧裝置)를 설치(設置)하여 우화억제(羽化抑制)와 교미(交尾) 및 산란활동(産卵活動)을 교란(攪亂)시키므로서 농약사용(農藥使用)없이 솔잎혹파리 피해(被害)를 방지(防止)하는 것을 목적(目的)으로 실시(實施)되었으며 요약(要約)된 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 솔잎혹파리 성충우화기간(成蟲羽化期間)에 있어서의 임지내(林地內) 주간(晝間) 분무처리(噴霧處理)는 토중월동유충(土中越冬幼蟲)의 밀도변동(密度變動)에 영향(影響)을 주지 못하였다. 2. 분무처리(噴霧處理)는 총(總) 우화기간(羽化期間) 및 우화(羽化) 개체수(個體數)에는 영향(影響)을 미치지 못하였으나 우화초기(羽化初期)에는 지연(遲延), 후기(後期)에는 촉진(促進)시키는 효과(效果)가 있었으며 50% 우화일(羽化日)까지는 약(約) 7일간(日間)의 시차(時差)가 있었다. 3. 지상분무처리(地上噴霧處理)는 충영형성율(形成率) 감소(減少)에 효과(效果)가 인정(認定)되었으나 방제가(防除價) 45%로서 기대치(期待値)(85% 이상(以上)에는 미치지 못하였으며 분무(噴霧)의 엽면처리(葉面處理)는 평균(平均) 충영형성율(形成率) 2.6%로서 무처리구(無處理區)의 38.4%에 비교(比較)하여 높은 감소효과(減少效果)가 있었고 방제가(防除價)는 93.2%에 달(達)하였다. 4. 분무처리지(噴霧處理地)의 충영내(內) 좌충수(左蟲數) 조사(調査) 결과(結果), 지상처리(地上處理)는 좌충수(左蟲數) 감소(減少)에 전혀 영향(影響)을 주지 못하였으나 엽면처리(葉面處理)에서는 충영당(當) 평균(平均) 좌충수(左蟲數) 2.3마리로서 대조구(對照區)의 4.2마리에 비(比)하여 약(約) 45%의 감소효과(減少效果)가 있었다. 5. 분무처리(噴霧處理)는 솔잎혹파리 피해목(被害木)에 대(對)하여 15-18%의 신초생장(新梢生長) 증가(增加) 효과(效果)를 나타냈다. 6. 분무처리(噴霧處理)의 흡즙성(吸汁性) 해충(害蟲)에 대(對)한 밀도감소(密度減少) 효과(效果)는 지상처리(地上處理)에서는 나타나지 않았으나 엽면처리(葉面處理)에서는 현저(顯著)한 밀도감소(密度減少) 효과(效果)가 있었다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.III
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• pp.749-756
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• 2000

Chemical application, one of the most important crop management processes happened to cause spray drift, that would threaten farmers in field as well as dwellers in rural region. Spray drift was affected by micro-meteorological parameters. In Korea, a boom sprayer was introduced but good effects of a boom sprayer was not evaluated. A study to evaluate short distance drift characteristics of a boom sprayer in paddy fields has been undergoing and determining wind characteristics in paddy field was the main purpose of this paper. Micro-meteorological information has been pre-requisite information for evaluating drift in both long and short distances or in both theoretical and experimental ways. Wind velocity, Reynolds stresses, turbulence intensity, skewness, kurtosis etc. were evaluated with height from the ground using a 2-dimensional probe and a hot wire anemometer system.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.8-19
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• 2019

In this study, the spray pattern of a centrifugal fertilizer distributor with two shutter holes was analyzed and an effective driving width that satisfies proper spray uniformity was derived. The centrifugal fertilizer distributor was mounted on a tractor with a rated power of 23.7 kW and static and dynamic spray pattern tests were performed according to the standard procedure proposed by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Standard ASAE S341.5. The height of the fertilizer distributor was 80 cm from the ground and the PTO (power take-off) shaft speed of the tractor was fixed at 540 rpm. The fertilizer scattered in space was collected using 275 evenly spaced collectors at shutter opening ratios of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The spray pattern was analyzed via the amount of sprayed fertilizer at each collector location and the coefficient of variation was used as an indicator of spray uniformity. Using the analyzed spray pattern, the effective driving width that satisfied less than 15% of the coefficient of variation was derived for different tractor driving patterns (race track mode, back and forth mode). From the results, spray uniformity increased as the shutter opening ratio decreased. The largest effective driving width was 8 m at a shutter opening ratio of 25% for both driving patterns.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2021

With rising concerns about pesticide spray drifts, this study analyzed the drift patterns of two typically-used nozzles, XR nozzle and AI nozzle, concerning their working pressures and wind speeds by wind tunnel experiments. AI nozzle showed low drift potential with larger droplet sizes compared to XR nozzle. Airborne and deposition drifts of XR nozzle were two times higher than those of AI nozzle under high wind speeds (≥2 m s^-1). In all cases, higher working pressures decreased the droplet sizes, thereby increasing the airborne and deposition drifts. Higher wind speeds also resulted in more airborne drifts, while ground deposition was increased under lower wind speeds. These effects of working pressures and wind speeds on the airborne and deposition drifts were observed at leeward distances less than 4 m from the nozzles. However, the airborne and deposition drifts were barely affected by the working pressures and wind speeds at leeward distances more than 11 m. The measurements were fitted to regression models of the drift curve with acceptable R² values greater than 0.8, demonstrating that further studies will be useful to settle domestic issues of spray drifts.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 변량방제기술을 적용한 농용 회전익기를 이용하여 살포한 입자의 구간비행 상태에서의 거리별 살포 패턴을 측정함으로써 무인 항공방제의 농약 부착률과 입자경의 분포 균일도를 평가하였다. 비행을 등속으로 유지하는 안내비행과 자동비행 모드에서 유효살포폭 3.6m로 인접비행 구간과 살포폭이 일부 중첩된 피복률에 대한 가로방향 분포의 변이계수는 30% 정도를 보였고, 비행방향 진로위치에 대한 피복률의 변이계수는 10% 미만으로 매우 균등한 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 살포작업시 기체의 지면속도(ground speed)의 변이를 보상하는 변량살포기술은 균일도 측면에서 우수한 것으로 판명되었으며, 또한 입자경의 분포에 있어서 체적중위직경(VMD)과 개체중위직경(NMD) 모두 항공방제에 적절한 크기와 균일한 분포를 보였다. 따라서 농용 회전익기를 이용하여 소필지의 항공방제작업을 무인화 하는데 있어, 변량방제장치를 적용함으로써 소규모 필지의 균일 정밀방제를 도모하고자 하였다.