• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.174-180
• /
• 1994

The disease syndrome characterized by the acute vomiting and diarrhea with high mortality had been greatly epidemic in Kyungbuk West Area since March 1990 and it was followed serologically for the classification of the agent. The agent present in feces of dogs associated with this syndrome had characteristic feature in agglutinating pig red blood cells that was specifically inhibited by anti-CPV reference dog serum. This also showed the serological identity with the reference CPV antigen in Hemagglutinating inhibition test. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1. During 5 years(March. 1990∼September. 1994), 1,470 dogs were investigated on the actual condition of CPV infections. The Infection rate of CPV from dogs was 62.5% and mortality rate was 59.8%. 2. Among 24 fecal samples collected from the dogs with enteric disease, all showed the hemagglutinating activity to porcine erythrocyte ranging from 40 to 5,120 of HA titers. 3. Among 12 sera samples collected from the dogs with enteric disease, all showed the serological identity with the reference CPV antigen from 5 to 5,120 of HI titers. 4. Bacteriologic examination of fecal specimens resulted in the isolation of pathogeric bacteria such as Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli and Bacillus. Cultures for salmonella sp and Clostridium remaind negative. 5. The prevalence and identification of internal parasites were determined by fecal examination using the floatation methods. From 20 fecal samples 12(60.0%) were isolated and their species were Toxacara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and coccidium.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 2006

In order to search the availability of the lectin extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) as an adjuvant for the avian vaccines, attempts were made to determine toxicity of the lectin in chicks and its immunostimulating activity on the inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease virus(NDV). For the determination of toxicity, the lectin was injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks(Charles River) of 1-week-old and observed hematologically and pathologically. For the determination of immunostimulating effects, lectin-adjuvanted, inactivated NDV vaccines were injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks in the same age group. Sera of the chicks were examined for the hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) antibodies induced, their HI titers and reaction to the NDV antigens. The data were further compared with those from aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccines and vaccines without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. There were no significant changes observed in the values of RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total proteins in the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, which means the lectin has no effects on blood values and functions of liver and kidney. In histopathologic observation, no lesions were observed in the brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight. There were inflammatory lesions, such as congestion, hemorrhage, edema, infiltration of macrophages and coagulation necrosis observed in the thigh muscle of chicks administered with lectin of $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, whereas no changes were observed in 1.1 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ lectin administered chicks. In chicks immunized with lectin($4.4{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted B1, LaSota and Ulster 2C vaccines, HI titers in reciprocal values for $log_2$ were 1.8-2.2 at 1 week after vaccination, which was similar with those of 1.5-2.9 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to 3.9-5.3 at 4 weeks, whereas those by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines were more high as 7.3-9.3. Meanwhile, the immunostimulating effects of the lectin were recognized while compared to the HI titers with 2.4-3.7 in chicks immunized with vaccines without adjuvants at 4 weeks after vaccination. The chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines were enough to resist challenges by Kyojeongwon strain, a very virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination as well as chicks immunized with $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to high level as 8.7-10.3 as those with 8.2-9.6 by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines at 6 weeks after vaccination, which may be the booster effects by the challenge virus. Antibodies specific to the HN and F antigens of NDV were observed in the sera of both chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines and $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.359-367
• /
• 2001

A serological survey was performed to establish basic data for the prevalence of antibodies to some major diseases of domesticated boar serum samples from January to December 2000. Sera collected in breeding farms in Gyeongbuk province were tested for Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), Porcine parvovirus(PPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Bordetella bronchiseptica(B bronchiseptica), Mycoplasma ; APP), Toxoplasma, and Brucella. There was no antibody to ADV in domesticated boars serum samples detected by Anti-ADV-gpI assay kit. Sero-positive samples to PRRS by IFA were 0.9%(3/330) The HI titers to PPV ranged variously from less than 10 to over 1,280. Two hundred ninety-four out of 330 tested sera showed HI titer of less than 10. In HI test to JEV, 90.3% of the sera (298/330) were below 10. The majority of the serum samples had low prevalence of the antibody B bronchiseptica. ELISA titers to M hyopneumoniae ranged variously from $\leq$ 10 to $\geq$ 1,280. Antibody titers to A pleuropneumoniae type 2(APP2) and type 5(APP5) were 58.2% and 52.7%, respectively, and the tested samples showing ELISA antibody titers of less than 20. There was no significant geographical difference between APP2 and APP5 in this study. In the antibody test of Toxoplasma, 11.5%(38/330) were positive and samples were all negative in sera test of Brucella.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.63 no.1
• /
• pp.5.1-5.9
• /
• 2023

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) are major infectious pathogens in cats. We evaluated the immunogenicity of a new vaccine containing inactivated FPV, two FCVs, and FHV-1 in animals. An FPV, two FCVs, and an FHV-1 isolate were continuously passaged 70, 50, 80, and 100 times in CRFK cells. FP70, FC50, FC80, and FH100 were propagated and used as vaccine antigens. Two inactivated feline virus vaccines, feline rehydragel-adjuvanted vaccine (FRAV) and feline cabopol-adjuvanted vaccine (FCAV) were prepared and inoculated into mice and guinea pigs. Humoral immune responses were measured using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) for FPV and virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) for two FCVs and FHV-1 tests. Serial passages in CRFK cells resulted in increase in titers of FPV and two FCVs but not FHV-1 The FCAV induced higher mean HI and VNA titers than the FRAV in guinea pigs; therefore, the FCAV was selected. Cats inoculated with FCAV developed a mean HI titer of 259.9 against FPV, and VNA titers of 64, 256, and 3.2 against FCV17D03, FCV17D283, and FHV191071, respectively. Therefore, cats inoculated with the FCAV showed a considerable immune response after receiving a booster vaccination.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.368-373
• /
• 2001

To study the immunomodulatory effect of aquapuncture with canine parvovirus killed vaccine, the vaccine was inoculated into the dogs twice with on 2-week interval. The 6 dogs in the experimental group were inoculated through the Jiao-Chao acupoint, and 5 dogs in the control group were done subcutaneously. The antibody titer was determined by the hemagglutination inhibition test. The HI titers of the experimental group showed significantly higher on days 21 and 28 than those of the control group. The biochemical test on serum total protein, protein fractions and the A/G ration showed a slightly increased in $\gamma$-globulin on days 21 and 28. The hematological findings on total leukocytes and differential counts showed no significance. It was thought that the aquapuncture of the canine parvovirus killed vaccine through the Jiao-Cho acupoint may stimulate the antibody production.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.303-309
• /
• 1991

To investigate the pathogenicity and virological properties of TJ-89-2 strain of canine parvovirus(CPV -2) that was isolated from the diseased puppies in Korea, seven puppies-were inoculated intraorally with the isolate at the HA titer of 8,192. All of the puppies showed the signs of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and died at the 5th to 10th days post inoculation (pi). All of the fecal samples from the puppies revealed significantly high HA titers afterward the 5th days pi. Body temperature and the number of total leucocytes were slightly increased at the early stage of infection, but extremly decreased at the stage of collapse. HI titers of the sera began to increase at the 3rd to 4th days pi, reaching 512 to 1,024 at the 4th to 5th days pi.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2003.10b
• /
• pp.135.3-136
• /
• 2003

In the present study, type A influenza live virus, NC-22-8, which is a combination of a cold-adapted attenuated donor virus (HTCA-A101) and a wild type virus (A/New Caledonia/20/99), was constructed and the efficacy of this new virus was assessed by immunogenicity and protection tests in the mouse model. NC-22-8 (1'$10^7, 1'10^5, 1'10^3$ pfu/mouse) was intranasally administered to mice. Four weeks later, the titers of specific IgG and haemagglutinin inhibiton (HI) were measured from blood and the titer of secretary IgA (sIgA) was also detected from boncho alveolar lavage (BAL) and mucosal fluid. (omitted)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.55 no.12
• /
• pp.474-480
• /
• 2012

Purpose: For evaluating the immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine, the microneutralization (MN) test has a higher sensitivity and specificity as compared to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. However, the MN test is more time consuming and is difficult to standardize. We performed the MN test to determine its usefulness as an alternative or complementary test to the HI test for evaluating the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. Methods: We compared the MN test with the HI test using 50 paired samples taken from a previous clinical study (2008-2009) in Korean children under 18 years of age. Results: The linear correlation coefficients of the 2 tests for H3N2, H1N1, and influenza B were 0.69, 0.70, and 0.66, respectively. We identified a high index of coincidence between the 2 tests. For an influenza vaccine, the postvaccination seroprotection rates and seroconversion rates determined by the MN test were 78.0% and 96.0%, 90% and 42.0%, and 42.0% and 48.0% for H3N2, H1N1, and influenza B, respectively. Geometric mean titer fold increases of H3N2, H1N1, and influenza B were 2.89, 5.04, and 4.29, respectively, and were 2.5-fold higher. We obtained good results in the evaluation of the immunogenicity of the 2008-2009 seasonal influenza vaccines. Conclusion: We found that the MN test was as effective as the HI test. Therefore, we suggest that the MN test can be used as an alternative or complementary test to the HI test for evaluating the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.569-574
• /
• 2005

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) at single serum dilution was standardized. REV HI, one of the Korean field isolates, was inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and was harvested from the culture fluids and cells after 10 to 12 days. Viruses were purified by centrifugation at the $107,000{\times}g$ for 12 hours on 20, 30, 45% (W/V) sucrose gradient. Virus specific fraction was collected and used as ELISA antigen. To standardize ELISA, the optimal concentration of coating antigen ($1{\mu}g/well$) and conjugate (1/1000) was determined by corrected OD (OD value of positive serum-OD value of negative serum) and P/N ratio (OD value of positive serum/OD value of negative serum). To calculate ELISA titer by measuring absorbance at 1/400 single serum dilution, serum titrations were carried out for various sample sera together with standard positive and negative sera. The observed titers of serum samples were plotted against sample/positive (s/p) ratios at 1/400 serum dilution. From the above data, the ELISA titers could be calculated by the equation of $log_{10}$ ELISA titer = 2.2763 ($log_{10}$ s/p) + 3.482 (r = 0.93). For evaluating the sensitivity, the standardized method were compared with conventional agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test method using serum samples collected from REV infected field chicken flocks. Fifty seven of 60 samples (95%) were positive for REV by ELISA, whereas only 11 (18.3%) samples were positive by AGID test. This results suggested that the ELISA tests developed in this study could be used for detection of antibodies to REV with high sensitivity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.162-183
• /
• 1990

From 1988 to 1989, 8 strains of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) were isolated from the fecal specimens from the dogs that were clinically diagnosed as canine parvoviral enteritis in the veterinary hospitals located in the regions of Taejon and Chungbuk province. Studios on biological and physicochemical properties for the isolates were carried out. The results obtained by experiments are summarized as follows. 1. Among 62 fecal samples collected from the dogs with enteric diseases, 24 (38.7%) showed the haemagglutinating activity against porcine erythrocyte, ranging from 16 to 16, 384 of HA titers. 2. When 8 fecal specimens with high HA titer over 1, 000 were inocultated into CRFX cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies were obseverd in all of eight specimens, of w)lick three specimens showed cytoplasmic inclusions concurrently with the intranuclear inclusion bodies. 3. In study on species-specificity of haemagglutinating activity of the isolates, TJ-89-1 and TJ-89-2, it was found that the isolates revealed the highest haemagglutinating activity with porcine erythrocytes, showing the relatively lower haemagglutination titers with the erythrocytes from cat and rabbit. None of erythrocytes from other animals reacted with the isolates. 4. By the cross-haemagglutination inhibition test of the Isolates with reference viruses and sera, the Isolates were evidently identified as the strains of canine parvovirus-2. 5. In Physicochemical property test, it was evident that the isolates were stable in, lipid solvent, pH and heat treatment at $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. and contain DNA genome. 6. When seven puppies were inoculated intraorally with the isolate at HA titer of 8, 192, all of the puppies showed the symptoms of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and died at the 5th to 10th days post inoculation(pi). The fecal samples from all of the puppies revealed significantly high HA titers afterward the 5th days pi. Body temperature and the number of total leucocytes were slightly increased at the early stage of infection. but extremely decreased at the stage of collapse. HI titers of the sera started to increase at the 2nd to 3rd days pi reaching 512 to 1, 024 at the 4th to 5th day pi.