• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.119-127
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) of wholesale and retail brokerage businesses in Korea. And give managerial implications and contribute to academics. Research design, data and methodology: This research empirically analyzes the relationship between expenses and business performance. As for business performance, this research considered two financial performances; sales and profit. As for antecedent variables, this research measured three cost investment expenses; human resource management (HRM), marketing (MKT) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This research used frequency analysis, correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and curve estimation analysis. Results: The result shows that HRM and CSR positive significant influence on sales yet marketing negatively significant influence on sales. And for profit, HRM and CSR give a positive significant influence. However, marketing's influence was not significant. According to curve estimation analysis, the relation between individual cost and performance, best functional relation was all quadratic functions. Some results show ∩ shape and others show shape. Conclusions: Based on this study result, implications for practical management to Wholesale and Retail Brokerage companies in Korea. And the contribution to academics is expected. Also, based on the limitation of this study, future research is suggested.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

The advent of available DNA barcoding technology has been extensively adopted to assist in the reference to differentiate the origin of various medicinal plants species. However, this technology is still far behind the curve of technological advances to be applied in a practical manner in the market to authenticate the counterfeit components or detect the contamination in the admixtures of medicinal plant species. Recently, a high resolution melting curve analysis technique was combined with the procedure of DNA barcoding (Bar-HRM) to accomplish this purpose. In this review, we tried to summarize the current development and bottleneck of processing related to the Bar-HRM technology for the practical application of medicinal plant species' differentiation in a viable global market. Although several successful results have been reported, there are still many obstacles to be resolved, such as limited number of DNA barcodes and single nucleotide polymorphisms, in particular, only one DNA barcode, internal transcribed sequence (ITS) of ribosomal DNA has been reported in the available nuclear genome. In addition, too few cases have been reported about the identification of counterfeit or contamination with processed medicinal plant products, in particular specifically the case of technology based infusion, jam and jelly products and components in which it is noted that DNA can be thereby degraded during the processing of these products and components.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2022

Two tree frogs, Dryophytes suweonensis and Dryophytes japonicus, inhabiting Korea, are morphologically similar and share the same habitats. Therefore, they are identified mainly through their calls, especially for males. Dryophytes suweonensis is registered as an endangered (IUCN: EN grade) and protected species in South Korea. Thus, it is necessary to develop a method to rapidly identify and discriminate the two species and establish efficient protection and restoration plans. We identified significant genetic variation between them by sequencing a maternally-inherited mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA region. Based on the sequence data, we designed a pair of primers containing 7bp differences for high resolution melting(HRM) analysis to rapidly and accurately characterize their genotypes. The HRM analysis using genomic DNA showed that the melting peak for D. suweonensis was 76.4±0.06℃, whereas that of D. japonicus was 75.0±0.05℃. The differential melt curve plot further showed a distinct difference between them. We also carried out a pilot test for the application of HRM analysis based on immersing D. suweonensis in distilled water for 30 min to generate artificial environmental DNA(eDNA). The results showed 1.10-1.31℃ differences in the melting peaks between the two tree frog samples. Therefore, this HRM analysis is rapid and accurate in identifying two tree frogs not only using their genomic DNA but also using highly non-invasive eDNA.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.439-445
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• 2015

Background : Correct identification of Panax species is important to ensure food quality, safety, authenticity and health for consumers. This paper describes a high resolution melting (HRM) analysis based method using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S ribosomal DNA barcoding regions as target (Bar-HRM) to obtain barcoding information for the major Panax species and to identify the origin of ginseng plant. Methods and Results : A PCR-based approach, Bar-HRM was developed to discriminate among Panax species. In this study, the ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA genes were targeted for testing, since these have been identified as suitable genes for use in the identification of Panax species. The HRM analysis generated cluster patterns that were specific and sensitive enough to detect small sequence differences among the tested Panax species. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the HRM curve analysis of the ITS regions and 5.8S rDNA sequences is a simple, quick, and reproducible method. It can simultaneously identify three Panax species and screen for variants. Thus, ITS1HRM and 5.8SHRM primer sets can be used to distinguish among Panax species.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2021

Angelica is a perennial plant used widely for medicinal purposes. Information on the genetic diversity of Angelica populations is important for their conservation and germplasm utilization. Although Angelica is an important medicinal plant genus registered in South Korea, no molecular markers are currently available to distinguish individual species from other similar species in different countries, in particular, China and Japan. In this study, we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA to identify a distinct domestic species, Angelica gigas Nakai, via a high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analyses. We also performed HRM curve analysis of intentionally mixed genomic DNA samples from five Angelica species. Finally, we investigated A. gigas Nakai and A. sinensis using varying ratios of mixed genomic DNA templates. The SNP markers developed in this study are useful for rapidly identifying A. gigas species from different countries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.524-529
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• 2019

Medicinal plants resources are becoming important assets since their usages have been expanded to the development of functional foods for human health, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. However, their phylogenetic origins and names are different from each country and quite often they are mixed each other resulting in the confusion for consumers. Particularly when they are very similar based on their morphological characteristics and distributed, it is extremely difficult to differentiate their origins even by specialists. Therefore, identification of each plant species is important for standardizing herbal medicine. Thistle is a medicinal and perennial plant. Obtaining information about the genetic diversity of plant populations is highly important for conservation and germplasm utilization. Although thistle is an important medicinal plant species registered in South Korea, no molecular markers are currently available to distinguish from other similar species from different countries. In this study, we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from chloroplast genomic sequences to identify distinct Korean-specific thistle species via high resolution melting (HRM) curve analyses. We performed molecular authentication of four different kinds of thistle species from different regions using DNA sequences in the trnL-F and matK chloroplast intergenic region. The SNP markers developed in this study are useful for rapidly identifying specific thistle species from different country.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2017

Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau is a widely-used, medicinal, perennial and woody plant. Obtaining information about the genetic diversity of plant populations is highly important with regard toconservation and germplasm utilization. Although C. tricuspidata is an important medicinal plant species registered in South Korea, no molecular markers are currently available to distinguish Korean-specific ecotypes from other ecotypes from different countries. In this study, we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from the chloroplast and nuclear genomic sequences, which serve to to identify distinct Korean-specific ecotypes of C. tricuspidata via amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) curve analyses. We performed molecular authentication of twelve C. tricuspidata ecotypes from different regions using DNA sequences in the maturaseK (MatK) chloroplast intergenic region and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The SNP markers developed in this study are useful for rapidly identifying specific C. tricuspidata ecotypes from different regions.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2018

Thistle is a perennial plant that is widely used for medicinal purposes. Information on the genetic diversity of thistle populations are great important for their conservation and germ plasmic utilization. Although thistle is an important medicinal plant species registered in South Korea, no molecular markers are currently available to distinguish them from other similar species from different countries. In this study, we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of genomic sequences to identify distinct Korean-specific thistle species via an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) curve analyses. We performed molecular authentication of four different kinds of thistle species from different regions using DNA sequences in the ITS intergenic region. We also developed a quantitative PCR assay using species-specific ITS primers, which allowed us to estimate the ratio of Korean-specific thistle species using varying ratios of mixed genomic DNA templates from the two species. The SNP markers developed in this study are useful for rapidly identifying specific thistle species from different countries.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2021

We reviewed current research trends for discriminating between species of the Angelica genus, a group of important medicinal plants registered in South Korea, China, and Japan. Since the registered species for medicinal purposes differ by country, they are often adulterated as well as mixed in commercial markets. Several DNA technologies have been applied to distinguish between species. However, one of the restrictions is insufficient single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the target DNA fragments; in particular, among closely-related species. Recently, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR and highresolution melting (HRM) curve analysis techniques have been developed to solve such a problem. We applied both technologies, and found they were able to discriminate several lines of Angelica genus, including A. gigas Nakai, A. gigas Jiri, A. sinensis, A. acutiloba Kitag, and Levisticum officinale. Furthermore, although the ITS region differs only by one SNP between A. gigas Nakai and A. gigas Jiri, both HRM and ARMS-PCR techniques were powerful enough to discriminate between them. Since both A. gigas Nakai and A. gigas Jiri are native species to South Korea and are very closely related, they are difficult to discriminate by their morphological characteristics. For practical applications of these technologies, further research is necessary with various materials, such as dried or processed materials (jam, jelly, juice, medicinal decoctions, etc.) in commercial markets.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.424-433
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• 2018

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an economically important vegetable crop all over the world, which has functional compounds such as lycopene and citrulline. Gummy stem blight caused by Didymella bryoniae is one of the most devastative diseases in watermelon. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are genetic variations occurring between individuals with respect to a single base, were often used to construct genetic linkage maps and develop molecular markers linked to a variety of horticultural traits and resistance to several diseases. In this study, we developed high-resolution melting (HRM) markers based on SNPs generated from NGS resequencing of two parents in watermelon. Plant materials were C. lanatus '920533' (female and susceptible parent), C. amarus 'PI 189225' (male and resistant parent), and their $F_1$ and $F_2$ progenies. A total of 13.6 Gbp ('920533') and 13.1 Gbp ('PI 189225') of genomic sequences were obtained using NGS analysis. A total of 6.09 million SNPs between '920533' and 'PI 189225' were detected, and 354,860 SNPs were identified as potential HRM primer sets. From these, a total of 330 primer sets for HRM analysis were designed. As a result, a total of 61 HRM markers that have polymorphic melting curves were developed. These HRM markers can be used for the construction of SNP-based linkage maps and for the analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to gummy stem blight resistance.