• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.299-303
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• 2021

The ascidian Halocynthia aurantium (sea peach), a marine invertebrate, belongs to the same genus of the phylum Chordata along with the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (sea pineapple), which is one of the model animals in the field of developmental biology. The characteristics of development and reproduction of H. aurantium are not yet known in detail. In order to find out the spawning period of H. aurantium, we investigated development of the gonads during the annual reproductive cycle. Testis and ovary were both in the bisexual gonads (ovotestes) of H. aurantium, which is a hermaphrodite like H. roretzi. In H. aurantium, the right gonad was longer and slightly larger than the left gonad throughout the year. In each gonad, the number of the testis gonoducts was slightly higher than that of the ovary gonoducts. These features were similarly observed in H. roretzi. However, the number of the testis gonoducts and the ovary gonoducts in each gonad of H. aurantium was about half that of H. roretzi. The gonads of H. aurantium contracted during the winter and summer seasons. The gonads decreased to the smallest size around February, and then started to increase again in March. The gonads were most developed in September of the year. Therefore, it is estimated that the spawning of H. aurantium begins around this period.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2020

척삭동물문에 속하는 붉은멍게(Halocynthia aurantium)는 우렁쉥이와 같이 유용한 양식 품종으로 사료되지만, 발생과 생태 등 생물학적 특성에 대해 잘 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 붉은멍게 양식을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 강원도 동해 연안에 서식하는 붉은멍게의 배발생을 조사하여 근연종인 우렁쉥이와 비교하였다. 그 결과, 붉은멍게의 수정부터 난할기, 낭배기, 신경배기의 배아 및 올챙이형 유생의 발달 단계 및 형태가 우렁쉥이와 매우 유사하였다. 붉은멍게의 수정란은 수온 11℃에서 부화까지 약 42.1시간이 소요되어 우렁쉥이의 40.9시간과 거의 유사하였다. 부화 후 어린개체로 변태하는 데 소요되는 시간도 두 종 사이에서 매우 유사하였다. 수온 11℃에서 부화한 두 종의 유생은 모두 약 23일이 경과해서 입수공과 출수공이 명확하게 구분되는 어린개체로 발생하였다. 수온 변화에 따른 발생 속도는 저온에서 느렸고 고온에서 빠른 결과를 나타냈다. 붉은멍게의 경우는 9℃에서 부화까지 평균 62.3시간, 11℃에서 42.1시간, 13℃에서 36.3시간이 소요되었다. 우렁쉥이의 경우는 평균 60.4시간, 40.9시간, 35.2시간이 소요되었다. 붉은멍게 배아의 대부분은 수온 15℃ 이상에서 정상적으로 발생이 이루어지지 않아 종묘생산 과정에 주의가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1171-1179
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• 2009

The solitary ascidian, Halocynthia aurantium, which is commonly called the sea peach because of its coloration and general shape, is a valuable organism of benthic marine population in the northern region of the East Sea, Korea. It is seldom found at a depth of less than 10 meters and the sea peach is frequently observed in large populations between 20 and 100 meters. It appears to prefer attachment to vertical rocks faces and artificial cement blocks exposed to the currents. Mass mortality and reduction of resources in sea peach, H. aurantium, were occurred in the benthic area of the northern region of the East Sea because of the rapid fluctuation of environmental factors such as temperature and salinity due to mass rainfall in summer and going up north of a strong warm current in winter. Therefore, we examined the effects of temperature and salinity on embryonic development of fertilized eggs, tadpole larva to metamorphosis, and attachment to siphon development. Laboratory-raised larvae were studied using a two-factorial experimental design with four levels of temperature(8, 12, 16 and $20^{\circ}C$) and four levels of salinity(20, 25, 30 and 34 psu). The ascidian larvae of H. aurantium survived environmental conditions between temperature of $8{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and salinity of 25~34 psu and exhibited positive growth at $8{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and 30~34 psu. Fertilized eggs have not developed at lower salinity of 20 psu irrespective of temperature range tested and have showed an abnormal development at the salinity of 25 psu between higher temperatures of 20 and $24^{\circ}C$. This result suggests that temperature increase and salinity reduction depending on environmental fluctuation may have significant impacts on population variation of H. aurantium in the northern region of the East Sea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1927-1936
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• 2020

Tunicates are known to contain biologically active materials and one species in particular, the sea peach (Halocynthia aurantium), has not been thoroughly studied. In this study we aimed to analyze the fatty acids profile of the H. aurantium body wall and its immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. The fatty acids were classified into three categories: saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega-3 fatty acid content, including EPA and DHA, was higher than omega-6 fatty acids. H. aurantium body wall fatty acids exhibited enhanced immune response and anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. Under normal conditions, fatty acids significantly increase nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner, thereby improving the immune response. On the other hand, in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, fatty acids significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner, thereby enhancing anti-inflammatory effects. Fatty acids transcriptionally control the expression of the immune-associated genes, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and TNF-α, via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling cascades in RAW264.7 cells. However, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, H. aurantium body wall fatty acids significantly inhibited expression of inflammatory cytokine; similarly, production of COX-2 and PGE2 was inhibited. The results of our present study provide insight into the immune-improving and anti-inflammatory effects of H. aurantium body wall fatty acids on macrophages. In addition, our study demonstrates that H. aurantium body wall is a potential source of immune regulatory components.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2010

우렁쉥이의 경우 그동안 대량으로 양식되어져 생산되어 왔던 한편, 붉은멍게는 자연산 어획에만 의존해오다가 최근 종묘생산에 성공하여 앞으로 보급이 활발해질 것으로 기대되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 우렁쉥이와 붉은멍게의 몇 가지 품질특성과 항산화 활성 및 관능적 특성을 비교하였다. 시료의 pH는 우렁쉥이가 6.08, 붉은멍게가 6.20으로 붉은멍게의 pH가 다소 높게 나타났으며, 휘발성 염기질소는 우렁쉥이가 22.41 mg%, 붉은멍게가 16.80 mg%이었다. 두 시료의 색도 측정결과 L값(명도)은 우렁쉥이가 다소 높았고, a값(적색도)은 붉은멍게가 훨씬 높았으며, b값(황색도)은 우렁쉥이가 약간 높게 나타났다. 관능적 특성의 평가결과는 색, 냄새, 맛, 기호도 등 대부분의 항목에서 붉은멍게가 더 높은 점수로 관능적 특성이 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 구성 아미노산 조성의 측정 결과 총 함량은 우렁쉥이가 $36368.23\;{\mu}mol/g$, 붉은멍게가 $36500.12\;{\mu}mol/g$이었고, Asp, Glu, Gly 등의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 우렁쉥이와 붉은멍게의 항산화 활성 측정 결과, DPPH 라디칼 소거능의 경우 50 mg/mL의 농도에서 우렁쉥이가 42.9%, 붉은멍게가 3.2%로 우렁쉥이가 훨씬 높은 활성을 나타냈으며, ABTS 라디칼 소거능 역시 같은 농도에서 우렁쉥이가 56.1%, 붉은멍게가 30.1%로 우렁쉥이의 활성이 더 높게 나타났고, 환원력 역시 농도에 따라 우렁쉥이가 더 높은 값을 나타내었다. 총 페놀함량의 측정결과 10 mg/mL의 농도에서 우렁쉥이는 300.21 ppm, 붉은멍게는 176.04 ppm의 값으로 우렁쉥이가 더 높은 페놀함량을 나타내 페놀함량과 항산화활성과의 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 붉은멍게는 우렁쉥이에 비하여 관능적 특성이 우수하나 항산화활성이 미약한 바, 대량생산과 대중적 보급을 위한 추가적 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2000년도 공동 춘계학술대회
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• pp.79.2-79
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• 2000

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2000년도 공동 춘계학술대회
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• pp.79.1-79
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• 2000

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1999년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.194.1-194
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2006

Khal was a synthetic congener of halocidin, a heterodimeric peptide consisting of 19 and 15 amino acid residues detected in Halocynthia aurantium. This compound was considered a candidate for the development of a novel peptide antibiotic. The genotoxicity of Khal was subjected to high throughput toxicity screening (HTTS) because they revealed strong antibacterial effects. Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase ($tk^{+/-}$) gene assay (MOLY), single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay and chromosomal aberration assay in mammalian cells and Ames reverse mutation assay in bacterial system were used as simplified, inexpensive, short-term in vitro screening tests in our laboratory. These compounds are not mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Before performing the comet assay, $IC_{20}$ of Khal was determined the concentration of $25.51\;{\mu}/mL\;and\;21.99\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. In the comet assay, Khal was not induced DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cell line. Also, the mutation frequencies in the Khal-treated cultures were similar to the vehicle controls. It is suggests that Khal is non-mutagenic in MOLY assay. And no clastogenicity was observed in Khal-treated Chinese hamster lung cells. The results of this battery of assays indicate that Khal has no genotoxic potential in bacterial or mammalian cell systems. Therefore, we suggest that Khal, as the optimal candidates with both no genotoxic potential and antibacterial effects must be chosen.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.922-934
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• 2000

To investigate the composition of carotenoids present in marine organisms and the biological activity of the carotenoids, carotenoids of the muscles and tunic of tunicates and shellfishes were isolated and identified. Anitmutagenic activities of the carotenoids for S. typhimurium TA 98 and cytotoxic activity for cancer cell lines were determined. Total carotenoid contents in the muscle of tunicata ranged from 18.65 mg% to 2.39 mg%. The highest amount of the total carotenoid was found in the muscle of Halocynthia aurantium, followed by Styela clava (HERDMAN), H. roretzi, H. hilgendorfi f. igaboya, H. hilgendorfi f. retteri, S. plicata (LESUEUR) in order. Interestingly, total carotenoid content in the muscle of S. clava (HERDAMAN) was higher than that of H. roretzi. Total carotenoid content of all tunicata, other than H. aurantium and H. roretzi, were higher in muscle than tunic. The major carotenoids in H. roretzi, H. aurantium, S. plicata (LESUEUR), and S. clava (HERDAMAN) were cynthiaxanthin (25.1∼42.2%), halocynthiaxanthin (9.7∼26.3%), diatoxanthin (8.0∼18.7%) and β-carotene (7.7%∼21.7%). Similarly, cantaxanthin (19.6%), cynthiaxanthin (15.4%), halocynthiaxanthin (14.8%), and (3R, 3'R), (3S, 3'S)-astaxanthin (22.6%) in H. hilgendorfi f. retteri and fucoxanthin (26.6%), cynthiaxanthin (21.8%), halocynthiaxanthin (15.2%), and β-carotene (9.3%) in H. hilgendorfi f. igaboya were major carotenoids in both tunicate. However, the composition of carotenoids in muscle and tunic of tunicata was similar each other. Among the shellfishes examined, total carotenoid content of the muscle of Peronidia venulosa (Schrenck) and Corbicula fluminea, and of the gonad of Atrina pinnata and Chlamys farreri, was ranged from 2.51 to 6.83 mg% which were relatively higher than that of other shellfishes. The composition of the carotenoids of shellfishes, which might depend upon their living environments, was varied. But cynthiaxanthin (15.9∼39.0%) and zeaxanthin (9.6∼21.9%) in gonad of C. farreri, and muscles of Buccinum Volutharpa perryi (JAY) and Crassostrea gigas, cynthiaxanthin (21.5∼48.6%) and mytiloxanthin (14.6%) in muscle of C.fluminea and gonad of A. pinnata, and canthaxanthin (60.6%) and isozeaxanthin (20.5%) in muscles of P. venulosa (Schrenck), and β-carotene (23.7%∼37.8%) and zeaxanthin (18.2∼20.4) in muscles of Semisulcospira libertina and Meretrix lusoria were major carotenoids. Interestingly, diester type-carotenoids were present along with free type-carotenoids in muscles of C. gigas. antimutagenic effect of the carotenoids isolated from tunicata and shellfishes against 2-amino-3-methylimidazol [4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) for S. typhimurium TA 98 was proportional to the amount (20, 50 and 100㎍/plate) treated. Mutagenicity of IQ was significantly reduced by astaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, mytiloxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, whereas the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) was significantly reduced by β-carotene, isozeaxanthin, and mytiloxnthin. Growth inhibition effect of carotenoids isolated from tunicata and shellfishes for cancer cell was proportional to the amount (5, 10, and 20㎍/plate) treated. The growth of HeLa cell by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, astaxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, NCI-H87 cell by β-carotene, astaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, and halocynthiaxanthin, HT-29 cell by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, mytiloxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, and MG-63 cells by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin were statistically reduced.