• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2016

We projected the distribution of Hedera rhombea, an evergreen broad-leaved climbing plant, under current climate conditions and predicted its future distributions under global warming. Inaddition, weexplained model uncertainty by employing 9 single Species Distribution model (SDM)s to model the distribution of Hedera rhombea. 9 single SDMs were constructed with 736 presence/absence data and 3 temperature and 3 precipitation data. Uncertainty of each SDM was assessed with TSS (Ture Skill Statistics) and AUC (the Area under the curve) value of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analyses. To reduce model uncertainty, we combined 9 single SDMs weighted by TSS and resulted in an ensemble forecast, a TSS weighted ensemble. We predicted future distributions of Hedera rhombea under future climate conditions for the period of 2050 (2040~2060), which were estimated with HadGEM2-AO. RF (Random Forest), GBM (Generalized Boosted Model) and TSS weighted ensemble model showed higher prediction accuracies (AUC > 0.95, TSS > 0.80) than other SDMs. Based on the projections of TSS weighted ensemble, potential habitats under current climate conditions showed a discrepancy with actual habitats, especially in the northern distribution limit. The observed northern boundary of Hedera rhombea is Ulsan in the eastern Korean Peninsula, but the projected limit was eastern coast of Gangwon province. Geomorphological conditions and the dispersal limitations mediated by birds, the lack of bird habitats at eastern coast of Gangwon Province, account for such discrepancy. In general, potential habitats of Hedera rhombea expanded under future climate conditions, but the extent of expansions depend on RCP scenarios. Potential Habitat of Hedera rhombea expanded into Jeolla-inland area under RCP 4.5, and into Chungnam and Wonsan under RCP 8.5. Our results would be fundamental information for understanding the potential effects of climate change on the distribution of Hedera rhombea.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1995

The carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) has been demonstrated to have a hepatotoxic effect in human or many other species. To investigate the enzyme induction of mixed function oxygenases in liver of male Sprague-Dawley rats a single 0.1, 0.5 mι/kg dose of carbon tetrachloride were given. At 24 hr after a single dose of 0.1 mι CC1$_4$/kg weight, methanol extract of Hedera rhombea leaves was administered with 100, 500 mg/kg weight. Assays of 7-ethoxyresorufin-Ο-deethylation(EROD),7-benzyloxyresorufin-Ο-deathylation(BROD),4-nitro-phenol-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase(UDPGT), Western blot and RNA slot blot were used as representatives of the activities of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The change of the activity of CYP1A1 form measured by EROD assay and Western analysis using 1-7-1 monoclonal antibody was not observed. The activity CYP2B1 form by BROD assay and using 2-66-3 monoclonal antibody was remarkably increased. Elevated level of CYP2B1 mRNA was shown by slot hybridization with 2B1-specific probe. Administration of methanol extract of Hedera rhombea leaves reversed the enzyme activity and the level of mRNA, which suggest the chemoprotective effect of methanol extracts of Hedera rhombea leaves to carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxlcity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1992

The analgesic, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory actives of leaves of Hedera rhombea Bean were evaluated. The methanol and butanol fractions showed considerable analgesic activity, but no anticonvulsant activities. Anti-inflammatory activity was found in the methanol, butanol and ether fractions by carrageenin induced edema test.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.331-335
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• 1993

Three phenolic compounds and a dammarane glycoside were isolated from the leaves of Hedera rhombea Bean (Araliaceae). Their structures were characterized as rutin, caffeic acid, 3.5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid and kizuta saponin $K_5$ by chemical and spectral analysis.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2008

Eleven accessions of Hedera helix, three accessions of Hedera rhombea, one accession of Fatshedera lizei, and one accession of Fatsia japonica were collected and their genetic diversity was measured by using 10 RAPD primers. Approximately ninety seven percentage of polymorphism was detected, because broad germplasm, three genus, was used. Total 97 bands were scored and a dendrogram was constructed by using an UPGMA method. Accessions belonging to Hedera helix tightly clustered in one group: eight accessions showed extremely narrow genetic differences and the other three accessions also showed significant similarity. Despite of their genetic similarity, they showed morphological variations. The morphological variation with a narrow genetic differences indicated that the ivy cultivars have been indeed developed from a mutation breeding program. Genetically most unrelated Fatsia japonica showed a genetic distance of 0.63 on the average between other species. An accession from Fatshedera lizei developed by crossing between two genus, Hedera helix and Fatsia japonica, was allocated together with accessions from Hedera rhombea.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2008

This research was performed to activate various new technology for indoor container, and attempt to a desirable planting environment of indoor plant by verify effect that indoor container slit ventilation system gets in growth and root activation of Korea Native Plants. Main result is as following. 1. Davallia mariesii, typical epiphyte fern, was appeared that growth of top and root activation was helped by slit ventilation system in indoor container and were very positive in rhizome development specially. 2. Hedera rhombea was helped growth of top by slit ventilation system, and specially, effect of plant height and number of shoot. Also, this slit system was positive in root activation. So, this indoor container appeared by thing which is very desirable in climbing plants as well as epiphyte plants. According to result that see effect getting in growth and root activation of Davallia mariesii and Hedera rhombea for indoor container slit ventilation system, Growth of top was different in plant but root activation was developed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.191-193
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• 1997

A new nortriterpene, rhombenone (1) was isolated from the leaves of Hedera rhombea Bean (Araliaceae). The structure of this compound was established as 27-demethyl-20(S)-dammar-23-ene-$6{\alpha}$, 20-diol-3, 25-dione on the basis of spectral analysis including HMQC and HMBC techniques. Rhombenone (1) was the first 27-demethyl nortriterpene of dammarane type isolated from natural sources.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.516-525
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• 1999

Hedera rhombea (HR) has been used for treatments of hemorrage, chronic catarrh, jaundice, lithisis and convulsion. This study was done to isolate active compounds that have protective effect on liver damage. BuOH and EtOAc fractions of HR recovered serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase$ (${\gamma}-GTP$) activities in CCl4 treated rats. We isolated 7 phenolic compounds from BuOH and EtOAc fractions, which were identified as 3-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, caffeic acid, methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid by chemical and spectral analysis. These compounds reduced significantly serum GOT and GPT elevated by CCl4 treatment in rats, and 3-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and caffeic acid also showed mild inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.73-80
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• 2008

This research investigated appropriate indoor light sources and light intensities for Hedera rhombea and Saxifraga stolonifera, which are shade-tolerant and cold-resistant indoor plants. Plants were grown in wood flames of 1 m in width${\times}$1 m in length${\times}$1 m in height. Light sources were fluorescent lamp, three wave fluorescent lamp and halogen lamp that are being used in most of the subway stations in Korea, and light intensities were 200 Lux, 700 Lux and 1,000 Lux. Results are as following. 1. Hedera rhombea Hedera rhombea heights did not show differences statistically as responses to light sources and light intensities. It, however, tended to be greater with an order of 1,000 Lux, 700 Lux and 200 Lux and halogen lamp, fluorescent lamp, and three wave fluorescent lamp. Number of branch increased under fluorescent lamp than under halogen lamp or three wave fluorescent lamp, and increased under higher light intensities. Number of leaf was higher with an order of three wave fluorescent lamp 1,000 Lux, fluorescent lamp 1,000 Lux and halogen lamp 1,000 Lux. Leaf shape became wider under low light intensities regardless of light sources. Chlorophyl contents in leaf were not significantly different under three wave fluorescent lamp and halogen lamp. However, the contents increased with an order of 200 Lux, 700 Lux and 1,000 Lux under fluorescent lamp. 2. Saxifraga stolonifera The plants were dead or declined under fluorescent lamp regardless of light intensities. When light intensities went under 200 Lux, Saxifraga stolonifera showed poor growth for all the light sources. Plant height, number of shoot, number of leaf, leaf width and leaf length have increased with an order of halogen lamp 1,000 Lux, three wave fluorescent lamp 1,000 Lux and three wave fluorescent lamp 700 Lux. Chlorophyl content was greater with an order of three wave fluorescent lamp 700 Lux, three wave fluorescent lamp 1,000 Lux and halogen lamp 1,000 Lux.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease in industrialized countries. It is estimated that about 47 million people living with dementia and the number of cases will be tripled by 2050. However, the exact mechanism of AD is not known, and full therapy has still not been found. Various tryptophan-derived alkaloids have been reported as promising agents for the treatment of AD. In the present study, a series of tryptophan-derived alkaloids were isolated and characterized from the methanol extract of Hedera rhombea fruit. Based on the analysis of their observed and reported spectroscopic data, their structures were identified as N-[4'-hydroxy-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-tryptophan (1), N-[3',4'-dihydroxy-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-tryptophan (2), N-[4'-hydroxy-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-tryptophan methyl ester (3), and N-[3',4'-dihydroxy-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-tryptophan methyl ester (4). These compounds were screened for anti-Alzheimer activity via their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes in vitro. As a result, compounds 3 and 4 showed moderate BChE inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 86.9 and 78.4 μM, respectively, compared to those of the positive control [berberine (IC₅₀ = 11.5 μM)]. However, all four compounds did not show significant inhibition of the AChE enzyme. This is the first time, the AChE and BChE inhibitory activities of these tryptophan-derived alkaloids were investigated and reported.