• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2010

The studies of M. Colombo (1989) and W. Lange (1992) showed that 30~40% of people became chronic after suffering from hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infection, and about 50% of the chronic cases transformed into primary liver cancer. There have been few studies done in Mongolia on hepatitis infection among health professionals, particularly in nurses. In a study done by Chimedsuren (8), the study showed that 19.4% of people with identified surface hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to hepatitis C virus and 8% of people with the identified nucleotide of RNA for the hepatitis C virus (polymerase chain reaction) had an acute form of hepatitis C. Studies on the hepatitis virus genome damaging effect on liver cells showed that genotype 8 (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, TTV) had the most damaging effect on liver cells (Hahn and Faeka, 2007). Several studies have shown a relationship between hepatitis B virus infection and a lack of compliance regarding safety regulations and rules by medical personnel. Results of a study from the Maternal and Child Health Research Center showed that tests done to detect hepatitis B virus antigen and antibodies to C virus did not reveal anything. Both antigen and antibodies in 69% cases did not show, and separately, B virus and antibodies to hepatitis C virus were identified in 13% and 9%, respectively. Results of the tests taken from health personnel in Shastin Central Hospital showed that in 76% of the cases, the B virus antigen with C virus antibodies was not identified. In 8% of the cases, the B virus antigen was present on its own. The combination of B the virus antigen and C virus antibodies were present in 8% of nurses and doctors, respectively. 82% of the cases had negative results for the detection of a combination of B virus antigen and C virus antibodies taken from health personnel from the State Central Clinical Hospital whereas the B virus antigen and C virus antibodies by themselves were present in 7% and 14% of the cases, respectively. Combined cases of the B virus antigen and C virus antibodies were identified in 4% of the personnel. Results of the tests taken from the health personnel in the Hospital of the Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs showed that in 79% of the cases, the B virus antigen with C virus antibodies were not identified. Separately, the B virus and antibodies to hepatitis C virus were identified in 8% and 13% of the cases, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 1997

Serum samples from 123 males and 123 females collected by age in 1996 were analyzed for antibodies against surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus and C22-3, C200 antigens of Hepatitis C virus. Sera from the children under the age of 10 showed 30% seropositivity to the surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus, 33.3% in $10{\sim}19$ year group, 20% in $20{\sim}29$ year group, 17.6% in $30{\sim}39$ year group, 3.3% in $40{\sim}49$ year group, 5.9% in $50{\sim}59$ year group, 8,3% in $60{\sim}69$ year group, 2.9% in $70{\sim}79$ year group, but antibody could not found in $80{\sim}86$ year group. 12 out of 123 male sera were positive, 19 out of 123 female sera were positive and overall rate of positivity of antibody against surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus was 12.6%. Serum samples from peoples under the age of 30 had not antibody against C22-3, C200 antigens of Hepatitis C virus. The positivity rate was 2.9% in $30{\sim}39$ year group. 5 out of 30 sera from $40{\sim}49$ year age group were positive, and 3 positive sera showed extremely high titer (1:524,288) but the titers of two remaining sera were 1:32, 1:8,192 respectively. 5.9% was positive in $50{\sim}59$ year group, 8.3% in $60{\sim}69$ year group, 11.8% in $70{\sim}79$ year group but all negative in $80{\sim}86$ year group 6 out of 123 male sera were positive (4.9%), 9 out of 123 female sera were positive (7.3%). Overall rate of positivity of antibody against C22-3, C200 antigen of Hepatitis C virus was 6.1 %. None out of 246 sera had both antibodies against Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.234-243
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the socioeconomic status as a risk factor for hepatitis C virus infection among community-dwelling adults in Korea. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study including 2,617 adults. Data from hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiological investigation and information regarding three markers of socioeconomic status, education, employment, household income, were obtained. Multiple logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for hepatitis C virus infection for socioeconomic status markers, adjusting for the other soioeconomic status marker, behavioral and hepatitis-related factors. Results: Of the 2,617 study subjects, 104 subjects infected with hepatitis C virus and prevalence was 4%. When compared to subjects with a lowest education, ORs was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04-0.69) for highest education group. After adjusting behavioral and hepatitis-related factors, ORs was 0.20 (0.05-0.87) for highest education compared with lowest group. Conclusion: Low educational level was associated with an increased risk of hepatitis C virus infection.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2021

Hepatitis C infection is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates globally as well as for significant indirect costs. The disease burden caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is comparable to the one caused by human immunodeficiency virus or tuberculosis. Today, simple detection methods, highly effective and easy to administer therapies and efficient preventative measures are available to combat hepatitis C. Nevertheless, in most countries around the world, the World Health Organization target of eliminating this infectious disease and its consequences by 2030 are not being met. Significant gaps in care for hepatitis C sufferers still exist, the shortcomings ranging from education and treatment to aftercare. Hepatitis C infection was and still is not on the radar of most politicians and health authorities. National programmes and strategies to combat the disease exist or are being developed in many countries. However, for these to be implemented efficiently and successfully, clear political commitment, strong civil society actors, well-functioning public health structures and the relevant support from global donors are needed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3232-3238
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• 2014

Mollugin has been reported to have various biological activities including antineoplastic, antitumor, antiviral against the hepatitis B virus, anti-aging and antimutagenic activities. An effective and concise synthesis of mollugin in two steps including kinetic control from the cheap starting material 1,4-naphthoquinone has been introduced, and mollugin derivatives thus prepared are screened for their inhibition ability against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the dihydrobenzochromene structure might be an additional anti-HCV agent as a new leading compound.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2004

In order to study the effect of temperature of denaturation, annealing and extension and cycles on amplification of DNA by PCR method, We isolated the hepatitis B virus DNA from hepatitis B patient blood and compared the density of DNA amplified by Reference PCR Program (denaturation at $94^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec., annealing at $60^{\circ}C$ for 1 min., extension at $72^{\circ}C$ for 1 min., holding at $72^{\circ}C$ for 5min., 30 cycles) that is usually used in laboratory to the density of DNA amplified by PCR program changed only the denaturation temperature or annealing temperature or extension temperature. We amplified about 341bp of hepatitis B virus DNA by Reference PCR Program from hepatitis patient blood, but the DNAs denatured at $72^{\circ}C$ or $60^{\circ}C$ were not detectable on photoradiography film. The DNA amplified at $37^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature was not detectable, but the DNA annealed at $72^{\circ}C$ was detectable the lower density of DNA than the DNA amplified by Reference PCR Program. Each DNA amplified by PCR program changed only the extension temperature to $37^{\circ}C$ or $60^{\circ}C$ was almost same density as DNA amplified by Reference PCR Program. We compared the density of hepatitis B virus DNA amplified by Reference PCR Program for 30 cycles, 20 cycles, 10 cycles, and 5 cycles. The DNA cycled for 20 cycles was not amplified well as cycled for 30 cycles, but the DNA was detectable on the photoradiography film. The DNAs amplified for 10 cycles or 5 cycles were not detectable on photoradiorgaphy film. The concentration of hepatitis B virus DNA amplified in Reference PCR condition for 30 cycles, 20 cycles, 10 cycles, and 5 cycles were $72{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $83{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $27{\times}10^{-6}{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, and nondetectable, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5917-5935
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• 2012

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic human hepatitis infection and as such is an important global health problem. The virus was discovered in the USA in 1989 and it is now known that three to four million people are infected every year, WHO estimating that 3 percent of the 7 billion people worldwide being chronically infected. Humans are the natural hosts of HCV and this virus can eventually lead to permanent liver damage and carcinoma. HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae family and Hepacivirus genus. The diameter of the virus is about 50-60 nm and the virion contains a single-stranded positive RNA approximately 10,000 nucleotides in length and consisting of one ORF which is encapsulated by an external lipid envelope and icosahedral capsid. HCV is a heterogeneous virus, classified into 6 genotypes and more than 50 subtypes. Because of the genome variability, nucleotide sequences of genotypes differ by approximately 31-34%, and by 20-23% among subtypes. Quasi-species of mixed virus populations provide a survival advantage for the virus to create multiple variant genomes and a high rate of generation of variants to allow rapid selection of mutants for new environmental conditions. Direct contact with infected blood and blood products, sexual relationships and availability of injectable drugs have had remarkable effects on HCV epidemiology. Hundreds of thousands of people die each year from hepatitis and liver cancer caused by HCV virus infection. Approximately 80% of patients with acute hepatitis C progress into a chronic disease state leading to serious hepatic disorders, 10-20% of which develop chronic liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The incubation period of HCV is 6-8 weeks and the infection is often asymptomatic so it is very hard to detect at early stages, making early treatment very difficult. Therefore, hepatitis C is called a "silent disease". Neutralizing antibodies are produced against several HCV proteins during infection but the virus mutates to escape from antibodies. Some patients with chronic hepatitis C may have some symptoms such as fatigue, muscle aches, nausea and pain. Autoimmune and immunecomplex-mediated diseases have also been reported with chronic HCV infection.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 2015

Objectives: We checked hepatitis A virus antibody(anti-HAV IgG) and hepatitis B virus antibody(HBsAb) in three large companies. The result could be a guideline to establish proper health policy for Hepatitis A and B virus preventive plan in company. Methods: We investigated the seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG and HBsAb, and demographic characteristics of employee volunteer in three companies in southern area of Korea. Company was divided three according to health policy for hepatitis A and B. Results: The seroprevalence rate of anti-HAV IgG in company A, B, and C was 53.6%, 25.8%, and 17.7%(P<0.001), respectively. The seroprevalence rate of HBsAb in workplace A, B, and C was 79.7%, 82.4%, and 70.9%(P<0.001), respectively. Anti-HAV IgG showed more considerable difference among the companies. Conclusions: The results confirmed that low rate of IgG anti-HAV and HBsAb, particularly in the company that had low level of hepatitis education and vaccination program. This study was important for establishing hepatitis education policies, to prevent and control outbreaks in companies.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) cause viral infections that lead to chronic diseases. When they invade human body, virus specific T cells play an important role in antiviral effector functions including killing virus-infected cells and helping B cells to produce specific antibodies against viral proteins. The antiviral activity of T cells is usually affected by immune-regulatory factors that express on surface of T cells. Recently, many researchers have investigated the relationship between effector functions of virus specific T cells and characteristics of immune regulatory factors (e.g., CD28, CD25, CD45RO, FoxP3, PD-1, CTLA-4). In particular, Immune inhibitory molecules such as forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are associated with T-cell dysfunction. They are shown to be up-regulated in chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Therefore, the positive correlation between viral persistence and expression of immune regulatory factors (FoxP3, PD-1, and CTLA-4) has been suggested. In this review, the roles of immune regulatory factors FoxP3, PD-1, and CTLA-4 were discussed in chronic viral diseases such as HIV, HBV, or HCV.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.375-383
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• 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections is thought to account for more than 80% of primary liver cancers. Both HBV and HCV can establish chronic liver inflammatory infections, altering hepatocyte and liver physiology with potential liver disease progression and HCC development. Cyclophilin A (CypA) has been identified as an essential host factor for the HCV replication by physically interacting with the HCV non structural protein NS5A that in turn interacts with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. CypA, a cytosolic binding protein of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A, is overexpressed in many cancer types and often associated with malignant transformation. Therefore, CypA can be a good target for molecular cancer therapy. Because of antiviral activity, the CypA inhibitors have been tested for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Nonimmunosuppressive Cyp inhibitors such as NIM811, SCY-635, and Alisporivir have attracted more interests for appropriating CypA for antiviral chemotherapeutic target on HCV infection. This review describes CypA inhibitors as a potential HCC treatment tool that is contrived by their obstructing chronic HCV infection and summarizes roles of CypA in cancer development.