• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.1048-1052
• /
• 2011

The Chinese Holstein cattle breed, an introduced breed in China, has been crossbred with native cattle breeds. We hypothesised that the Chinese Holstein local population in Beijing share haplotypes with native Asian cattle breeds, the result of a sudden population expansion in the recent past. We also hypothesised that crossbreeding and population expansion left traces that shaped the genetic makeup of the breed. Evaluation of this was performed by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence analysis of Chinese Holstein cattle from Beijing (n = 41) and a comparison of them with the published mtDNA sequences (n = 293) of 14 Asian breeds with an emphasis on Chinese native cattle breeds. Three shared common haplotypes between Chinese Holstein cattle and native Asian cattle were found. Moreover, a high level of haplotype diversity in Chinese Holstein cattle (h = 0.9557) and low nucleotide diversity (${\pi}$ = 0.0052) was found, indicating a past population bottleneck followed by rapid population growth. These findings are supported by the significantly negative deviation of Tajima's D (-1.82085), the star-like pattern of dominant haplotypes and the pairwise mismatch distribution analysis, which showed a unimodal pattern.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2000

본 연구는 한우와 Holstein종의 $\kappa$ -CN 유전자 발현조절부위, 즉 $\kappa$ -CN gene 5'-flanking region에 대한 특성을 구명하기 위하여 specific primer를 이용하여 PCR(polymerase chain reaction) 방법으로 분석하였다. PCR 증폭 결과, 349bp 크기의 증폭산물을 얻었으며 한우와 Holstein종의 $\kappa$ -CN 유전자의 발현조절부위의 염기서열 분석결과에 있어서는 -82bp에서 -431bp까지 분석되었으며, 종간의 염기서열 비교에서 -386bp에서는 Holstein종에서는 T 염기가 한우에서는 C 염기로 치환되었으며, -241bp와 -192bp에서는 Holstein종에서는 T 및 C 염가가 존재하였으나, 한우에서는 결실되었다. 또한, -183bp에서는 한우에서는 T 염기가 존재하였으나, Holstein종에서는 염기가 결실되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 한우와 Holstein 종간의 상동성 분석에 있어서는 한우 $\kappa$ -CN 유전자 발현조절부위의 염기서열이 Holstein종과 98.9% 의 상동성을 보였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2000

Sera from 425 Korean native and 203 Holstein cattle were collected from October 1994 to September 1995 from dairy farms and slaughterhouses in Chonnam province to study the exposure rate to bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV). Serum antibody titers against BRSV were measured by neutralization test, and results were as follows: Overall prevalence of seropositive cattle to BRSV were 74.5%, and the exposure rate to BRSV was higher among the Holstein (77.3%) than among the Korean native cattle(73.2%). The serum antibody titers against BRSV ranged from 1:2~$\geq$1:256 in both species. Among Korean native cattle, the most frequent serum antibody titer was 1:4 against BRSV(19.3%), while only 1.4% of seropositive cattle had serum titer of $\geq$1: 256. Among Holstein cattle, 22.7% of examined cattle contained serum titer of 1:8, while 1.5% of seropositive cattle showed $\geq$ 1:256. Antibody titers against BRSV were higher among males than females in both Holstein (82.1% vs. 73.1%) and Korean native (74.5% vs. 69.2%) cattle. Prevalence of seropositive cattle by age in both species were evenly distributed, although the highest number (76.9%) of seropositive were at the age of 3 in Korean native cattle, while 83.5% of seropositive Holstein cattle were of 2 years old. The lowest seropositive rate was observed in cattle of less than 1 year old(25.0%). Seasonal occurrunce of BRSV was the highest in spring season in both Holstein (86.6%) and Korean native (81.0%) cattle (P<0.05).

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.185-197
• /
• 2003

This survey was performed to investigate frequency of clinical disease in Holstein dairy cattle and Korean native cattle in Chungbuk region of Korea. This study was conducted with the veterinary clinical charts recorded by veterinarians in an animal hospital for 387 Holstein herds(14,701$\pm$1,766 head) and 180 Korean native cattle herds(1,440$\pm$786 head) from October 1998 to September 2001. The prevalent disease classes in Holstein dairy cattle were digestive systems(26.84%), reproductive system(22.48%), locomotor system(21.43%) and metabolic disorders(10.08%). The locomotor diseases were increased with 1st year, 16.27%, 2nd year, 20.93% and 3rd year, 27.08%. The dieases of digestive and reproductive system occurred frequently in winter season(30.01%, 26.03% respectively) and the disease frequency of locomotor system were very high in fall(28.44%). The predominant diseases of Holstein dairy cattle were : claw overgrowth(13.58%), indigestion(11.23%), functional infertility(8.77%), metritis(8.28%), foot diseases(7.35%), LDA (6.57%) and ketosis(5.76%). The prevalent disease classes in Korean native cattle were digestive system(43.80%), respiratory system(28.11%) and reproductive system(10.69%). Seasonally, digestive diseases occurred frequently in spring (51.55%), whereas respiratory diseases occurred frequently in winter (39.60%). The predominant diseases in Korean native cattle were calf diarrhea(32.03%), calf pneumonia(21.79%), indigestion(8.26%), dystocia(7.65%) and pneumonia(5.90%).

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.29-33
• /
• 1990

The study was attempted to scrutinize the normal osmotic fragility of erythrocyte in the domestic ruminants, making a comparison with that of human and canine. The animals used in the experiment were apparently healthy adult Holstein cattle, Korean native cattle, sheep (Corriedale) and Korean native goats. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was the highest in the Korean native goats, and the next were sheep and Korean native cattle, and Holstein cattle in order. In other words, erythrocytic resistance to osmotic lysis was the strongest in Holstein cattle and the most weak in Korean native goats among the domestic ruminants. In general, resistance of erythrocytes was stronger in human and canine than in the domestic ruminants.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.316-321
• /
• 1998

In this study, we carried out to isolate lactoferrin from Korean native cattle and Holstein cow by batch extraction, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. The purity of the isolated lactoferrin was higher than that of lactoferrin purchased from Sigma, when determined by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analysis. Antibacterial activity of E. coli O111 by Korean native cattle lactoferrin was lower than that of Holstein lactoferrin. A minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of Korean native cattle lactoferrin and Holstein lactoferrin was 2.75 mg/ ml and 1.5 mg/ml respectively. The lactoferrin hydrolyzate of Korean native cattle exhibited antimicrobial activity at 0.25 mg/ml, whereas that of Holstein cow exhibited antimicrobial activity at 0.12 mg/ml. The antibacterial potency of the hydrolyzate was at least tenfold greater than that of undigeated lactoferrin with strains tested. The effect of hydrolyzate was bactericidal as indicated by rapid loss of viability of E. coli O111.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제58권12호
• /
• pp.41.1-41.7
• /
• 2016

Background: Over two decades of observations in the field in South East Asia and Hawai'i suggest that majority of the commercial dairy herds are of black hair coat. Hence a simple study to determine the accuracy of the observation was conducted with two large dairy herds in Hawaii in the mid-1990s. Methods: A retrospective study on longevity of Holstein cattle in the tropics was conducted using DairyComp-305 lactation information coupled with phenotypic evaluation of hair coat color in two large dairy farms. Cows were classified into 3 groups: a) black (B, >90%); b) black/white (BW, 50:50) and c) white (W, >90%). Cows with other hair coat distribution were excluded from the study. In farm A, 211 out of 970 cows were identified having 4 or more lactations. In farm B, 690 out of 1,350 cows were identified with 2 or more lactations for the study. Results: The regression analyses and the Wilcoxon-Log-rank test for survival probability showed that Holstein cattle with 90% black hair coat had greater longevity compared to Holstein cattle with 90% white hair coat. Conclusions: This study suggests that longevity of Holstein cattle in tropical regions was influenced by hair coat color and characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.320-333
• /
• 2019

Objective: The Shanghai Holstein cattle breed is susceptible to severe mastitis and other diseases due to the hot weather and long-term humidity in Shanghai, which is the main distribution centre for providing Holstein semen to various farms throughout China. Our objective was to determine the genetic mechanisms influencing economically important traits, especially diseases that have huge impact on the yield and quality of milk as well as reproduction. Methods: In our study, we detected the structural variations of 1,092 Shanghai Holstein cows by using next-generation sequencing. We used the DELLY software to identify deletions and insertions, cn.MOPS to identify copy-number variants (CNVs). Furthermore, we annotated these structural variations using different bioinformatics tools, such as gene ontology, cattle quantitative trait locus (QTL) database and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Results: The average number of high-quality reads was 3,046,279. After filtering, a total of 16,831 deletions, 12,735 insertions and 490 CNVs were identified. The annotation results showed that these mapped genes were significantly enriched for specific biological functions, such as disease and reproduction. In addition, the enrichment results based on the cattle QTL database showed that the number of variants related to milk and reproduction was higher than the number of variants related to other traits. IPA core analysis found that the structural variations were related to reproduction, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. According to the functional analysis, structural variations were important factors affecting the variation of different traits in Shanghai Holstein cattle. Our results provide meaningful information about structural variations, which may be useful in future assessments of the associations between variations and important phenotypes in Shanghai Holstein cattle. Conclusion: Structural variations identified in this study were extremely different from those of previous studies. Many structural variations were found to be associated with mastitis and reproductive system diseases; these results are in accordance with the characteristics of the environment that Shanghai Holstein cattle experience.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 1999

본 연구는 축우 품종의 유전적 다형성을 분석하여 분자유전수준에서 축우의 품종간 판별과 유전적 유사성을 구명하고자 Holstein종과 한우, Charolais종 및 한우 교잡종의 혈액에서 DNA를 추출하여, PCR(polymerase chain reaction) 기법에 의한 RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNAs)분석을 실시하고, 소 품종간의 유사도 지수를 추정한 후 UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method using average)방법으로 유사도를 추정하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 축우 품종들로부터 추출된 genomic DNA를 1.5% agarose gel에서 전기영동한 결과, 12.2kb 이상의 단일밴드로 나타났으며, genomic DNA의 순도는 DNA 흡광도 $A_{260}$과 $A_{280}$의 비율로 측정한 결과 그 비율은 1.75~2.10이었다. 2. RAPD기법에 의한 축우 품종의 유전적 다형성을 분석한 결과, 품종판별을 위한 가장 유용한 random primer는 5'-GAC CGC TTG T-3'인 것으로 판명되었다. 3. Primer 부착 온도에 따른 band 양상에 있어서 $33.0^{\circ}C$인 경우는 약 340bp에서 Holstein종과 Charolais종에서는 band가 출현되었으나, 한우와 한우 교잡종에서는 밴드가 나타나지 않았으며, $37.5^{\circ}C$의 경우에는 340bp에서 Holstein종과 한우에서는 밴드가 나타났으나, Charolais종과 한우 교잡종에서는 band가 출현되지 않아 이들 밴드의 유무가 소 품종판별을 위한 유용한 유전적 표지로서의 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료되었다. 4. 축우 품종의 유사도 지수에 있어서는 primer 부착온도를 $33.0^{\circ}C$와 $37.5^{\circ}C$을 종합하였을때 Holstein종과 한우간에는 0.666~0.777이었으며, Charolais종간에는 0.615~0.666이었고, 한우와 Charolais종간에는 0.400~0.461로 다소 낮은 수치를 보였으나, 한우와 한우 교잡종간에는 0.857~0.888로 대체로 높은 계수를 보였다. 5. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면 RAPD기법에 의하여 random primer 5'-GAC CGC TTG T-3'으로 축우 품종의 판별이 가능하며, UPGMA에 의한 축우 품종의 유사도는 Holstein종과 한우 및 Charolais종간 보다는 한우와 한우 교잡종 및 Charolais종간의 유전적 유사도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.179-197
• /
• 1980

A survey was made from March 1978 through Feb. 1979 to know infection rate of parasites and incidence of diseases in 1968 cattle of 240 rearing and fattening cattle herds (1746 Korean native cattle, 186 Holstein, 34 Charolais and 2 Hereford) raising in 28 cities and counties of Gyeongbug district. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The rate of nematoda infection was about 49.0% in the examined cattle. These nematodes were identified as Mecistocirrus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Bunostomum sp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides sp. and other 3 species. Infection rate of nematoda in fattening and breeding cattle was higher than that in rearing calves, 44.3% of the positive cattle were infected with 2 to 5 species, and incidence of mixed infection was high in fattening cattle. 2. The rate of coccidal infection was 10.9%. Eimeria $z{\ddot{u}}rni$, Eimeria bovis and Eimeria bukidnonensis were mainly found in the examined cattle. The infection rates of cocidia in Holstein, breeding Korean cows, rearing Korean calves and fattening Korean cattle were 27.3%, 15.8%, 11.2% and 9.1%, respectively. 3. The rate of trematoda was 14.6% with Fasciola spp. (11.2%), Eurytrema spp. (2.0%), and Paramphistomum spp. infections (1.4%). Breeding Korean cows, fattening Korean cattle, Holstein and rearing Korean calves indicated 47.4%, 26.4%, 18.2% and 6.3% incidence of trematoda infections, respectively. of trematoda positive cattle, 76.6% were infected with Fasciola spp., 4. The rate of Theileria and Babesia infection was 62.7% in the examined cattle. Of these positive cattle 5.4% were infected with both parasites, 57.3% with Theileria, and 1.3% of rearing Korean calves and 22.6% of Holstein were found to have parasitized erythrocytes over 1.0%. 5. The incidence of diseases in 1968 cattle of 240 herds was 564 cattle (28.7%) of 154 herds (64.2%). of the diseases observed of skin occurred in 354 cattle (18.0%) of 61 herds (25.4%), diseases of respiratory system in 121 cattle (6.1%) of 34 herds (14.2%), diseases of digestive system in 38 cattle (1.9%) of 22 herds (9.2%), diseases of eye in 21 cattle (1.1%) of 13 herds (5.4%), diseases of urogenital system in 8 cattle (0.4%) of 8 herds (3.3%) and the other diseases in 24 cattle (1.2%) of 22 herds (9.2%). 6. Diseases of skin in 1968 cattle of 240 herds werds were observed in the highest incidence. Ringworm was observed in 13.3% of the examined herds, rearing Korean calves and Holstein showed high incidence. Scabies caused by Chorioptes bovis and alopecia localis along with infestation of lice (Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli) were observed in fattening Korean cattlein winter. 7. Diseases of respiratory system occurred frequently in rearing Korean cattle and Holstein. In the diseases of digestive system acute indigestion occurred in fattening Korean cittle, enteritis in rearing Korean calves and Holstein, and coccidiosis in rearing Korean calves maninly. 8. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis occurred in a fattening Korean cattle herd, sterility (2.0%) in breeding Korean cows, and theileriosis in Holstein calves were also occurred. In addition, poisoning and heat stroke were observed in several cattle.