• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2009

Background : The most frequently reported risk factors for head and neck suamous cell carcinoma are smoking and alcohol. But in a recent overview, human papilloma virus(HPV) infection was revealed the important carcinogenic factor in oropharyngeal cancer. We aimed to clarify whether HPV directly effects on the oncogenesis and biologic behavior of hean and neck squamous cell carcinoma by comparison with infection prevalence, and physical status of virus. Material and Method : We used HPV genotyping DNA chip(Biocore, Korea, Seoul) arrayed by multiple oligonucleotide probes of L1 sequence of 26 types of HPV and HPV genotypes are identified by fluorescence scanner. The copy numbers of HPV E2 and E6 open reading frames(ORF) were assessed using a TaqMan-based 5'-exonuclease quantitative real-time PCR assay. The ratio of E2 to E6 copy numbers was calculated to determine the physical status of HPV-16 viral gene. Results : We observed a significant difference in HPV prevalence between tonsillar cancer group and control group(73.1% vs. 11.6%), and most of the HPVs were type 16(87.2%) and integrated(94.1%) state. In terms of oral tongue cancer, we demonstrate that 30.5% has integrated HPV-16 in cancer tissue. But Glottic cancer only 1% is related to HPV-16 integration. Conclusion : This study revealed significant relationship of HPV prevalence with oropharyngeal and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Most of HPV were 16 type and integrated or mixed, HPV-16 integration could be directly related to the carcinogenesis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.271-275
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• 2012

Squamous cell papillomas are one of the most common lesions of the oral mucosa with a mucosa of the hard and soft palate, including the uvula, palate, tongue and lips. As an oral lesion, it raises concerns because of its clinical appearance, which may mimic exophytic carcinoma. Its pathogenesis is related to the human papilloma virus (HPV), but there is controversy regarding its viral origin. Many considered its pathogenesis as being from the HPV. But recent literature suggests that the presence of HPV may be merely an incidental finding unrelated to the development of a squamous papilloma. We accidentally found a patient not related to the HPV of oral squamous papilloma on the tongue, and we will report this case with literature review.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

Curcumin is a widely used flavoring agent in food, and it has been reported to inhibit cell growth, to induce apoptosis, and to have antitumor activity in many cancers. Cisplatin is one of the most potent known anticancer agents and shows significant clinical activity against a variety of solid tumors. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effects of co-treatment with curcumin and cisplatin on human tongue SCC25 cells. To investigate whether the co-treatment efficiently reduced the viability of the SCC25 cells compared with the two treatments separately, an MTT assay was conducted. The induction and the augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst staining, and an analysis of DNA hypoploidy. Western blot, MMP and immunofluorescence tests were also performed to evaluate the expression levels and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins following the co-treatment. In this study, following the co-treatment with curcumin and cisplatin, the SCC25 cells showed several forms of apoptotic manifestation, such as nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, reduction of MMP, increased levels of Bax, decreased levels of Bcl-2, and decreased DNA content. In addition, they showed a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) to the nuclei, and activation of caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP, and DFF45 (ICAD). In contrast, separate treatments of $5{\mu}M$ of curcumin or $4{\mu}g/ml$ of cisplatin, for 24 hours, did not induce apoptosis. Therefore, our data suggest that combination therapy with curcumin and cisplatin could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.193-199
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• 2014

Fluoride has been accepted as an important material for oral health and is widely used to prevent dental caries in dentistry. However, its safety is still questioned by some. Autophagy has been implicated in cancer cell survival and death, and may play an important role in oral cancer. This study was undertaken to examine whether sodium fluoride (NaF) modulates autophagy in SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. NaF demonstrated anticancer activity via autophagic and apoptotic cell death. Autophagic vacuoles were detectable using observed to form by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and acridine orange (AO). Analysis of NaF-treated SCC25 cells for the presence of biochemical markers revealed direct effects on the conversion of LC-3II, degradation of p62/SQSTM1, cleavage formation of ATG5 and Beclin-1, and caspase activation. NaF-induced cell death was suppressed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). NaF-induced autophagy was confirmed as a pro-death signal in SCC25 cells. These results implicate NaF as a novel anticancer compound for oral cancer therapy.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2014

Several studies have shown that curcumin, which is derived from the rhizomes of turmeric, possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antitumor properties of curcumin have also now been demonstrated more recently in different cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the modulation of cell cycle-related proteins and the mechanisms underlying apoptosis induction by curcumin in the SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Curcumin treatment of the SCC25 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and cell growth, and onset of apoptotic cell death. The curcumin-treated SCC25 cells showed several types of apoptotic manifestations, such as nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, reduced MMP and proteasome activity, and a decreased DNA content. In addition, the treated SCC25 cells showed a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40/CAD into the nuclei, a significant shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-6, caspase-3, PARP, lamin A/C, and DFF45/ICAD. Furthermore, curcumin exposure resulted in a downregulation of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and upregulation of $p27^{KIP1}$. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that curcumin strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and inducing apoptosis via proteasomal, mitochondrial, and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2009

Chios gum mastic (CGM) is a resin produced from the stem and leaves of Pistiacia lentiscus L var chia, a plant which grows only on Chios Island in Greece. CGM has been used for many centuries as a dietary supplement and folk medicine for stomach and duodenal ulcers in many Mediterranean countries and is known also to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in some cancer cells. In this study, we further investigated the induction and mechanisms underlying the apoptotic response to CGM treatment in the SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. The viability of SCC25 cells, human normal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1 cells), and the growth inhibition of SCC25 cells were assessed by MTT assay and clonogenic assay, respectively. Staining with Hoechst and hemacolor dyes and TUNEL assays were employed to detect SCC25 cells undergoing apoptosis. SCC25 cells were treated with CGM, and this was followed by western blotting, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, FACScan flow cytometry, MMP activity and proteasome activity analyses. CGM treatment of SCC25 cells was found to result in a time- and dosedependent decrease in cell viability, a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth, and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, CGM showed a remarkable level of cytotoxicity in SCC25 cells but not in normal cells. Tested SCC25 cells also showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation. Taken together, our present findings demonstrate that CGM strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and induces apoptosis via the proteasome, mitochondria and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.287-292
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to examine the cell growth effect and autophagy effect of Scutellariae Radix by ethanol extract in SCC 25 cells. Methods : Cell growth inhibitory effect and autophagy induced by Scutellariae Radix were confirmed by WST-1 assay, monodansylcadaverine(MDC) stain, and flow cytometry by acridine orange(AO) stain. Results : The Scutellariae Radix treatment decreased the cell proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner. Scutellariae Radix has anticancer effects that autophagic vacuoles were apparent by MDC and AO staining in SCC 25 cells. Conclusions : Scutellariae Radix showed anticancer activity against SCC 25 cells via autophagy. The data provided the possibility that Scutellariae Radix may potentially contribute to oral cancer treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.490-495
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• 2011

Introduction: Development of carcinoma on oral tongue may cause bilateral cervical lymph node metastasis, rapid invasion and growth of the cancer cells due to rich blood supply in muscle tissues. It is not only difficult to develop an animal experimental model, but also to proceed follow-up research after the development of such model as the induction of cancer lead to difficulty in taking nutrition for the experimental animals that often causes early death. Materials and Methods: IIn this study, author have transplanted YD-$10B_{mod}$ cells into nude mouse oral tongues with different cells number ($5{\times}10^4$, $5{\times}10^5$, $5{\times}10^6$ cells/mouse) and observed the development aspect of oral tongue cancers. Results: The cancer developed from orthotopic transplantation of YD-$10B_{mod}$ cells into nude mouse oral tongue show invasion and central necrosis of the tumor, similar to the cancers developed human oral tongue cancer. The difference in tumor size and the time of central necrosis development depending on the number of transplanted tumor cells shows the feasibility of extending the survival period of the nude mouse by limiting the transplanted tumor cells to < $5{\times}10^4$ cells/mouse or under per nude mouse. Conclusion: This nude mouse model could be used effectively in developing effective chemotheray agent and establishing an animal experimental model that can be used to study the mechanism of cervical lymph node metastasis of the oral tongue cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.548-553
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• 2007

Several investigators have shown that human papillomavirus(HPV) appear to play an etiologic role in oral and paranasal sinus carcinoma. It was known that 15-25% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) showed HPV-positive infection. Among them, HPV 16 was the most common type but HPV 18 was observed only 2-4% of HPV-positive head and neck cancers. In recent, we treated uncommon 2 oral SCC cases that associated with HPV infection. One is a case of tongue SCC after bone marrow transplantation(BMT), and the other is a case of SCC occurring with aspergillosis in the maxillary sinus. After surgery, HPV 16 and 18 were detected in the surgical specimens by the histological and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) examination. In this report, we present these cases with a review of literature.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2012

Aberrations on the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p) are frequently observed in several human cancers. In this study, 20 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens from the tongue were examined in order to evaluate the role of 8p in SCC of the tongue. Microsatellite analysis using 14 markers demonstrated two commonly deleted regions (CDRs) on 8p. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed frequent down-regulation of the FEZ1 gene, mapped to 8p22, and frequent over-expression of the cathepsin B gene, mapped to 8p-21-22. These results suggested that genetic aberrations are involved in the development of SCC of the tongue. However, no significant relationship was observed to be established between the genetic alterations and clinicopathological features. Thus, further investigation is necessary in order to clarify the clinical role of 8p in carcinoma of the tongue.