• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.297-306
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• 2023

The frequency of fatal accidents that can occur at hydrogen refueling station was compared with the risk criterion for the general public suggested by the health and safety executive. If hydrogen refueling station meets the accident prevention facility standards presented in KGS Code FP216/217, it was confirmed that the risk of hydrogen refueling station was not at an unacceptable (intolerable) risk level. However, the risk of hydrogen refueling station due to small leak was analyzed as low as reasonably practicable. Therefore, methods for improving the safety instrumented function of hydrogen refueling station were reviewed. It was confirmed that the risk of hydrogen refueling station can be affected by the number of installed safety instrumentation system components, redundant architecture, mission time, proof test interval, etc. And methods for maintaining the risk of hydrogen refueling station at an acceptable risk level have been proposed.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.299-307
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• 2021

In order to expand the supply of hydrogen vehicles, the first thing to be done is to build an infrastructure to supply hydrogen. There are fixed and mobile types of hydrogen refueling stations that can supply hydrogen. Mobile hydrogen refueling stations have the advantage of supplying hydrogen to two or three areas, so the introduction of mobile hydrogen refueling stations is considered at the initial stage of hydrogen vehicle dissemination. However, mobile hydrogen refueling stations have greater risks than fixed hydrogen refueling stations due to the hazard associated with movement and intensive installation of facilities in vehicle, so stricter design standards to lower the risk must be applied. Therefore, in this study, basic data for establishing safety standards for mobile hydrogen refueling stations were proposed by suggesting improvements such as the location of emergency shutoff valves, the number of gas detectors etc., using HAZOP analysis.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.256-263
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• 2016

As the hydrogen era comes near future, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are core of hydrogen economy. Until now, Korea has 17 hydrogen refueling stations but 9 hydrogen refueling stations have been retired already and 8 hydrogen refueling stations are still running. With a limited number of hydrogen refueling stations, it is very difficult to get scientific data for the economy of hydrogen refueling stations in Korea. Thus, based on NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory) study, we analyzed most recent data for the construction of hydrogen refueling stations in one specific site in Korea. The cost comparison data between Korea and USA shows 14% difference, saying higher costs of Korea. Korea looks 5 years delay compared to USA. This data will be an important tool for the investment from every industrial parties.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.605-613
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• 2020

In July and October of this year, the government announced the 'Green new deal plan within the Korean new deal policy' and 'Strategies for proliferation of future vehicles and market preoccupation'. And, in response to changes in the global climate agreement, it has decided to expand green mobility such as electric vehicles and hydrogen electric vehicles with the aim of a "net-zero" society. Accordingly, the goal is to build 310 hydrogen refueling stations along with the supply of 60,000 hydrogen vehicles in 2022, and the hydrogen infrastructure is being expanded. however, it is difficult to secure hydrogen infrastructure due to expensive construction costs and difficulty the selection of a site. In Korea, it is possible to build a mobile hydrogen station according to the safety standards covering special case of the Ministry of Industry. Since the mobile hydrogen station can be charged while moving between authorized place, it has the advantage of being able to meet a large number of demands with only one hydrogen refueling station, so it is proposed as a model suitable for the early market of hydrogen infrastructure. This study demonstrates the establishment of a hydrogen refueling station by deriving a virtual accident scenario for leakage and catastrupture for each facility for the risk factors in a mobile hydrogen station, and performing a quantitative risk assessment through the derived scenario. Through the virtual accident scenario, direction of demonstration and implications for the construction of a mobile hydrogen refueling station were derived.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.81-87
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• 2023

SAE J2601 and SAE J2799, the communication protocols between a hydrogen refueling station and a fuel cell electric vehicle, only cover hydrogen charging. In this paper, we measure the hydrogen detection, current, and voltage of a fuel cell electric vehicle and transmit the sensor data to the hydrogen refueling station by changing the WiFi protocol. A small-scale laboratory model was built using Raspberry Pi for sensing, controlling, and transmitting sensor data of a fuel cell electric vehicle. The sensor data was stored in the database of the hydrogen refueling station, and a dashboard was configured using Grafana to analyze the stored data. When hydrogen is detected, the dispenser valve of the hydrogen refueling station is locked. Then, we measured the average transmission delay according to the WiFi protocol. The results showed that IEEE 802.11a is the most suitable WiFi protocol for transmitting sensor data between the hydrogen refueling station and the fuel cell electric vehicle.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2023

The registration rate of eco-friendly vehicles, such as hydrogen vehicles, is increasing rapidly, however, few first responders have experienced related accidents. Accident scenarios at hydrogen refueling stations and hydrogen vehicles on a road were investigated, and the relative importance of each scenario was analyzed using AHP analysis. Leakage, jet flame, and explosion that occurred inside and outside the hydrogen refueling station were reviewed, and the hydrogen gas explosion in the compartment showed the highest importance value. In case of the hydrogen vehicle, traffic accident statistics and actual accidents were used. It was analyzed that the hydrogen vessel explosion on the road due to the failure of TPRD and the leakage in the underground parking area were difficult to respond. The developed accident scenarios are expected to be used for first responder training.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.684-691
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• 2022

Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles are typically refueled at a wide range of temperatures (-40℃ to 85℃) in the hydrogen refueling station in accordance with the worldwide accepted standard. Currently, there is no traceable method by which to verify and calibrate the hydrogen flowmeters to be used at hydrogen refueling stations except for a water calibration process as a conventional method. KRISS hydrogen field test standard based on the gravimetric principle was developed to verify the measurement accuracy of the mass flowmeter to be used at hydrogen refueling stations for the first time in Korea.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.505-512
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• 2019

According to the "hydrogen economy roadmap" announced recently by the government, fuel cell electric vehicle diffusion and hydrogen refueling station construction are actively being carried out to prepare for the hydrogen economy era. The station will be expanded by introducing various charging station models such as hydrogen complex charging station, package, and mobile. Accordingly, the study on the safety demonstration of the charging station and related regulations should be compromised. The purpose of this study is to collect monitoring data during charging according to the distinct four seasons in Korea, and to use it as safety demonstration data by analyzing the charging status, charging rate and charging time during charging.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

In recent years, hydrogen has received much attention as an alternative energy source to fossil fuels. In order to ensure safety from the increasing number of hydrogen refueling stations, prevention methods have been required. In this regard, this study suggested an approach to reduce the risk of hydrogen refueling station by increasing Safety Integrity Level (SIL) for a Steam Methane Reformer (SMR) in On-Site Hydrogen Refueling Station. The worst scenario in the SMR was selected by HAZOP and the required SIL for the worst scenario was identified by LOPA. To verify the required SIL, the PFDavg.(1/RRF) of Safety Instrumented System (SIS) in SMR was calculated by using realistic failure rate data of SIS. Next, several conditions were tested by varying the sensor redundancy and proof test interval reduction and their effects on risk reduction factor were investigated. Consequently, an improved condition, which were the redundancy of two-out-of-three and the proof test interval of twelve months, achieved the tolerable risk resulting in the magnitude of risk reduction factor ten times greater than that of the baseline condition.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.505-513
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• 2023

Hydrogen infrastructure is expanding. High-capacity hydrogen refueling stations offer advantages because they can refuel a variety of light and heavy-duty vehicles, and multi-port refueling technology is developing to reduce charging time for heavy-duty vehicles. In this study, we suggest directions to lower the risk by analyzing the risk factors for each process involved in the installation of a high-capacity multi-port hydrogen refueling station in Changwon city. We conducted both qualitative and quantitative risk assessments of the equipment to evaluate the station. A hazard and operability study was performed for qualitative risk assessment, and PHAST/SAFETI were used for quantitative risk assessment. Quantitative risk assessment was used to calculate the consequence analysis of the facility to ensure secure design prior to station development and to predict individual and societal risks in various scenarios. As a result, the station's risk level was determined to be as low as reasonably practicable.