• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.2 s.91
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate experimentally the mechanical and histological effect of drilling process on the stability of micro-implant used for the orthodontic anchorage. For this purpose, 32 micro-implants(Osas$^{(R)}$, Epoch medical, ${\phi}$1.6 mm) were inserted into maxilla, mandible and palate in two beagle dogs. 16 micro-implants(8 per dog) were inserted after drilling with pilot drilling bur (drill method group). 16 micro-implants(8 per dog) were inserted without drilling (drill-free method group). After 1 week, micro-implants were loaded by means of Ni-Ti coil spring (Ni-Ti springs-extension$^{(R)}$, Ormco) with 200-300 gm force. Following 12 weeks, the micro-implants and the surrounding bone were removed. Before sacrifice, the mobilities were tested with Periotest$^{(R)}$(Siemens). Undecalcified serial sections with the long axis were made and the histologic evaluations were done. The results of this study were as follow ; 1. The osseointegration was found in both of drill-free method group and drill method group 2. Two of drill method group and one of drill-free method group in 32 micro-implants were lost after loading. 3. The mobilities of drill-free method group were less than drill method group 4. The bone contact on surface of micro-implants in drill-free method group was more than drill method group but there was no significant difference between groups. 5. The bone density in threads of micro-implants in drill-free method group was more than drill method group and there was significant difference between groups. These results suggest that drill-free method in insertion of micro-implants is superior to drill method on the stabilities, bone remodeling and osseointegrations under early loading.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.411-421
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• 2022

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the degree of heat generation when a novel drill design with an irrigation slot was used with metal sleeve-free (MF) and metal sleeve-incorporated (MI) surgical guides in an environment similar to that of the actual oral cavity. Methods: A typodont with a missing mandibular right first molar and 21 bovine rib blocks were used. Three-dimensional-printed MF and MI surgical guides, designed for the placement of internal tapered implant fixtures, were used with slot and non-slot drills. The following groups were compared: group 1, MI surgical guide with slot drill; group 2, MI surgical guide with a non-slot drill; and group 3, MF surgical guide with a slot drill. A constant-temperature water bath at 36℃ was used. The drilling was performed in 6 stages, and the initial, highest, and lowest temperatures of the cortical bone were measured at each stage using a non-contact infrared thermometer. Results: There were no temperature increases above the initial temperature in any drilling procedure. The only significant difference between the non-slot and slot groups was observed with the use of the first drill in the MI group, with a higher temperature in the non-slot group (P=0.012). When the heat generation during the first and the second drilling was compared in the non-slot group, the heat generation during the first drilling was significantly higher (P<0.001), and there was no significant difference in heat generation between the drills in the slot group. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, implant-site preparation with the surgical guide showed no critical increase in the temperature of the cortical bone, regardless of whether there was a slot in the drill. In particular, the slotted drill had a cooling effect during the initial drilling.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.368-376
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• 2015

Purpose : The objective of this research was to develop a more simplified drilling procedure with an enhanced implant drill. Materials and Methods : The drill enhanced design factors enabled implantation of Dia. 5.0mm fixture with only 2 times drilling which is more simplified drilling procedure. The enhanced drill was designed with 2 flutes, 2-phase or 3-phase formed drill tip and 25 degrees of helix angle. The proposed drilling procedure (2 times) was compared with a general drilling process (4 times) in terms of temperature changes, cutting time and ISQ value. Results : The simplified drilling procedure indicated less heat than a conventional drilling procedure (p<0.05). The enhanced drill showed significantly shorter drilling time than a conventional drill (p<0.05). On the other hand, higher insertion torque and ISQ value were observed on the the suggested drilling procedure than the conventional drilling procedure (p<0.05). Conclusion : A simplified drilling procedure with the newly designed drill could provide higher effectiveness and safety of dental implant operations under properly controlled external conditions, such as irrigation and RPM of drilling.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

PURPOSE. A recently introduced direct drill-guiding implant surgery system features minimal tolerance of surgical instruments in the metal sleeve by using shank-modified drills and a sleeve-incorporated stereolithographic guide template. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of this new guided surgery system in partially edentulous patients using geometric analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS. For the study, 21 implants were placed in 11 consecutive patients using the direct drill-guiding implant surgery system. The stereolithographic surgical guide was fabricated using cone-beam computed tomography, digital scanning, computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing, and additive manufacturing processes. After surgery, the positional and angular deviations between planned and placed implants were measured at the abutment level using implant-planning software. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the deviations (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The mean horizontal deviations were 0.593 mm (SD 0.238) mesiodistally and 0.691 mm (SD 0.344) buccolingually. The mean vertical deviation was 0.925 mm (SD 0.376) occlusogingivally. The vertical deviation was significantly larger than the horizontal deviation (P=.018). The mean angular deviation was 2.024 degrees (SD 0.942) mesiodistally and 2.390 degrees (SD 1.142) buccolingually. CONCLUSION. The direct drill-guiding implant surgery system demonstrates high accuracy in placing implants. Use of the drill shank as the guiding component is an effective way for reducing tolerance.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 2012

Various options have been introduced for the selection of implant overdenture attachments. Attachment wear due to the repeated insertion and removal of dentures has caused problems such as decreased retention and the requirement for suprastructure remanufacturing. In these cases, a Locator bar system was applied using the drill and tapping technique to achieve total retrievability. In a 55-year-old female patient who showed three degrees of mobility in most of her teeth due to severe alveolar bone loss, a complete denture in the maxilla and an implant supported type overdenture in the mandible were planned after extracting all the remaining teeth. Six implants were placed from canine region to the distal molar region, and the locator was connected to the milled bar using the drill and tapping technique. For a 61-year-old female edentulous patient who complained of poor retention with old denture, a complete denture in the maxilla and an implant-tissue supported type overdenture in the mandible were planned. Four implants were placed in front of mental foramen, and the Locator was also connected to the Hader bar using the drill and tapping technique. With this technique, female parts can be easily replaced, and retention can be continuously maintained.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the implant recipient site preparation methods on primary stability of implants with the instruments of $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ in the iliac bone of cadaver. Methods and materials: The 8 iliac bones in 4 cadavers and implants treated with resorbable blasting media (RBM) were used. $Periotest^{(R)}$ (Simens AG, Germany) and $Osstell^{TM}$ (Model 6 Resonance Frequency Analyser: Integration Diagnostics Ltd., Sweden) were used to measure primary stability of implants. Implants were inserted into the iliac crest of the cadaver. In control group, the recipient site was prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendation: 1.8 mm guide drill, 2.0 mm initial drill, 2.7 mm pilot drill, 2.7 mm twist drill, 3.0 mm twist drill, 3.3 mm pilot drill, 3.3 mm twist drill, and 3.3 mm countersink drill as well as tapping drill were used in order. In the group 1, implant recipient sites were prepared by sequentially drilling from 1.8 mm guide drill to 3.0 mm twist drill and then inserted implants without countersinking and tapping. In the group 2, implant recipient sites were prepared to 3.0 mm twist drill and countersink drill and then inserted implants without tapping. In the group 3, the sites were prepared to 3.0 mm twist drill and countersink drill as well as tapping drill. In the group 4, the sites were prepared to 3.3 mm twist drill. In the group 5, the sites were prepared to 3.3 mm twist drill and countersink drill. A total of 60 implants were placed (n=10). The stability was measured using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ mesiodistally and buccolingually. To compare the mean stability of each group statistically, One-way ANOVA was used and correlation of instrument were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The stability of group 1 measured using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ buccolingually showed the highest, and there are significant difference statistically between control group and experimental group 1,2,4 in each instruments respectively (p<0.05). 2. The stability of group 1 measured using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ mesiodistally showed the highest. There are significant difference statistically between control group and all experimental groups in $Osstell^{TM}$, and between control group and experimental group 1,2,3,4 (p<0.05). 3. There are high correlation between the measurements of $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that the primary stability of implant can be obtained by the recipient sites preparation with smaller diameter drill than that of implant or minimal drilling.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2022

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance efficiency of two different drill combinations according to the heat generated and drilling time. Materials and methods. In this study, cow ribs were used as research materials. To test the specimen, cow bones were rid of fascia and muscles, and a temperature sensor was mounted around the drilling area. The experimental group was divided into a group using a guide drill and a group using a Lindmann drill according to the drill used before the initial drilling. The drilling sequence of the guide drilling group is as follows; guide drill (ø 2.25), initial drill (ø 2.25), twist drill (ø 2.80), and twist drill (ø 3.20). The drilling sequence of the Lindmann drilling group is as follows; Lindmann drill (ø 2.10), initial drill (ø 2.25), twist drill (ø 2.80), and twist drill (ø 3.20). The temperature was measured after drilling. For statistical analysis, the difference between the groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Friedman test was used (α = .05). Results. The average performance efficiency for each specimen of guide drilling group ranged from 0.3861 to 1.1385 mm³/s and that of Lindmann drilling group ranged from 0.1700 to 0.4199 mm³/s. The two drill combinations contained a guide drill and Lindmann drill as their first drills. The combination using the guide drill demonstrated excellent performance efficiency when calculated using the drilling time (P < .001). Conclusion. Since the guide drill group showed better performance efficiency than the Lindmann drill group, the use of the guide drill was more suitable for the primary drilling process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2014

Skull Melted 3.2YSZ has good physical properties and does not undergo low temperature degradation. Due to these excellent physical and mechanical properties, Skull Melted 3.2YSZ has been studied for use in dental implants. In this study, a ø2.2mm Initial Twist Drill was made using Skull Melted 3.2YSZ; the drilling characteristics were compared with those of the traditional SUS420J drill. The experimental results indicate that the Skull Melted 3.2YSZ drill requires similar thrust forces and has a slightly higher temperature.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.37 no.5 s.360
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• pp.319-326
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• 1999

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.148-153
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• 2010

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate a comparison of implant bone bed preparation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser and conventional drills on the relationship between implant stability quotient (ISQ) values and implant insertion variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty implants were inserted into two different types of pig rib bone. One group was prepared with conventional drills and a total of 20 implants were inserted into type I and type II bone. The other group was prepared with a Er,Cr:YSGG laser and a total of 20 implants were inserted into type I and type II bone. ISQ, maximum insertion torque, angular momentum, and insertion torque energy values were measured. RESULTS. The mean values for variables were significantly higher in type I bone than in type II bone (P < .01). In type I bone, the ISQ values in the drill group were significantly higher than in the laser group (P < .05). In type II bone, the ISQ values in the laser group were significantly higher than in the drill group (P < .01). In both type I and type II bone, the maximum insertion torque, total energy, and total angular momentum values between the drill and laser groups did not differ significantly (P ${\geq}$ .05). The ISQ values were correlated with maximum insertion torque (P < .01, r = .731), total energy (P < .01, r = .696), and angular momentum (P < .01, r = .696). CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of this study, the effects of bone bed preparation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the relationship between implant stability quotient (ISQ) values and implant insertion variables were comparable to those of drilling.