• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

This research for replacement of chlorine or sulfur based EP(extreme pressure) -additives which is restricted materials by environmental regulation. The subject of this study is as follows, 4-ball test and friction coefficient test were experimented in accordance with temperature and velocity, compounding with several organic or inorganic metallic elements. After 4-ball test, wear area of steel ball was analysed by SEM-EDX. As the analysis, organic and inorganic elements make a effect for extreme pressure lubricity. It is shown that the friction coefficient of lubricant which includes chlorine or sulfur additives, the scoring phenomenon is found accord-ing to temperature and the scuffing phenomenon at 200$^{\circ}C$. Applying to Na, P, S, Zn, Ca based on inorganic and organic elements, the result showed that friction coefficient is decreased more and more, as increasing temperature of lubricant. The additive based on S, Cl, P elements is effect far extreme pressure in the sample#1 and Na, P, S, Zn, Ca in sample #2. These elements are environmental contaminants and S, Cl based on EP additives which are very popular in domestic industry, when they are properly composed with non-chlorine based on additives and Na, P, S, Zn, Ca organic or inorganic elements. It is showed that lubricity and excellent anti-wear properties.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.337-341
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 광촉매 $TiO_2/P-25$를 POF에 코팅하여 IPA 분해 활성을 고찰한 결과, 코팅 시 용매의 조건은 에탄올에서 IPA의 분해효율이 가장 우수하였고 무기바인더(KR-400), 유기바인더(A-9540) 및 무$\cdot$유기 복합바인더(GPTMS, TMOS)중에서 유기 바인더인 A-9540을 사용했을 때 효율이 가장 우수한 것으로 나왔다. 유기 바인더는 광 분해반응에 의하여 바인더 자체가 분해되고 무기 바인더는 부착성이 떨어졌다. 유$\cdot$무기 복합 바인더 중에서 광분해 효율이 뛰어난 TMOS를 바인더로 선정하여 TMOS/P-25의 비율을 0.05부터 1로 바꾸어 광분해 실험을 수행한 결과, 바인더로써 TMOS의 첨가는 IPA분해 효율을 낮게 하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2020

발수제를 콘크리트 표면에 함침시키는 방법은 콘크리트의 균열이 발생할 경우, 기대하는 내구성을 확보할 수가 없다. 최근, 다양한 방수 및 발수 재료들을 콘크리트나 모르타르 내부에 혼입하여 균열 내부에서도 발수성을 확보하였으나 압축강도가 크게 저하되었다. 압축강도 저하를 극복하기 위해 아직까지 유기물과 무기물의 장점들을 동시에 이용한 연구가 없기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 유기물과 무기물을 적절히 혼합한 유무기 복합 발수제를 모르타르에 혼입하여 물리적 특성 및 발수성능을 평가하였다. 유무기 복합 발수제 혼입 시 Liquid 시험체에 비해 플로우 약 10%, 공기량이 약 50% 감소하였으며, P6L1 시험체의 경우, 기존 발수제인 Powder와 같은 39.5MPa로 무혼입 모르타르 대비 약 3.5%의 압축강도 저하를 확인하였다. 발수성능도 유무기 복합 발수제 혼입 시험체가 기존의 발수제 혼입 시험체인 Powder보다 높은 발수성을 확인하였으며, 염화물 침투 저항성 평가결과, 유무기 복합 발수제 혼입 시험체가 무혼입 모르타르 대비 약 45% 통과 전하량이 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 실험을 종합하면, Powder 발수제와 Liquid 발수제를 5:1의 비율로 혼입한 P5L1 유무기 복합 발수제가 압축강도 저하 방지 및 발수성능 확보를 위하여 가장 합리적이라고 판단된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.114-114
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• 2011

We report a high-performance and air-stable flexible and invisible semiconductor which can be substitute for the n-type organic semiconductors. N-type organic-inorganic nanohybrid superlattices were developed for active semiconducting channel layers of thin film transistors at low temperature of $150^{\circ}C$ by using molecular layer deposition with atomic layer deposition. In these nanohybrid superlattices, self-assembled organic layers (SAOLs) offer structural flexibility, whereas ZnO inorganic layers provide the potential for semiconducting properties, and thermal and mechanical stability. The prepared SAOLs-ZnO nanohybrid thin films exhibited good flexibility, transparent in the visible range, and excellent field effect mobility (> 7cm2/$V{\cdot}s$) under low voltage operation (from -1 to 3V). The nanohybrid semiconductor is also compatible with pentacene in p-n junction diodes.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Phosphorous remains as one of the most limiting nutrients to plant growth, second only to nitrogen. Research on use of biochar as a soil amendment for available phosphorus in temperate calcareous soils has limited studies compared with to tropical acidic soils. An incubation experiment to assess phosphorous availability in a biochar amended calcareous soil under inorganic (Fused superphosphate, FSP) and organic fertilizer (bone meal, BM) and respectively, at the dose of 40, 80 and $120mg\;P\;kg^{-1}$ was carried out. Soil was incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 70 days. Results show that the rate of increase in available P was proportional to the fertilizer application rate with or without biochar amendment. Biochar did not have a significant effect on soils amended with either fertilizeron the values of available P. However, time had a significant effect (p<0.001) on the amount of available P during the incubation period. Inorganic fertilizer treatments had recorded high amount of available P with time compared to organic fertilizer treatments. Organic fertilizer treatment sample were significantly not different from control and for most of the incubation time biochar acted as a soil conditioner. Further research is required to understand the holistic and long-term effect of biochar.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of low concentrations of organic and inorganic dietary trace minerals on broiler performance and trace mineral digestibility along the small intestine of 35-day-old broiler chickens reared under floor-pen conditions. Eight hundred male, day-old Cobb broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments (25 birds per pen with 8 replicates per treatment). Broilers fed diets supplemented with 4, 20, 40 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from organic chelates and inorganic salts achieved the same body weight gain as those supplemented at the NRC levels (8 mg Cu, 40 mg Fe, 60 mg Mn and 40 mg Zn/kg, respectively) from inorganic salts. However, birds fed a control diet without any supplementation at dietary levels of 7.4-8.8, 60.1-69.2, 14.6-15.4 and 19.1-20.6 mg/kg of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively, had decreased feed intake and growth rate. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of Cu in all regions of the small intestine. Throughout the small intestine the apparent absorption of Mn from both organic and inorganic sources was small, whereas the digestibility of Zn seemed to be more complex, exhibiting differences in the apparent absorption due to both mineral source and intestinal site. Therefore, the digestibility of organic Zn was improved (p<0.01) in the ileum compared to inorganic Zn. The digestibility of Zn in the duodenum was smaller (p<0.05) than that in the ileum.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2007

This study was conducted the adsorption experiment way of organic wastewater (BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, T-P) by changing the carbonization temperature and the size of adsorbent to examine the adsorption capacity of Korean traditional charcoal which has similar characteristics to activated carbon of organic pollutants. Also, it was performed the basic experiment for pH and inorganic materials. As a result of observing Korean traditional charcoal with has the greatest inorganic contents which are the important factor of chemical adsorption. As the carbonization temperature was better high temperature charcoal than law temperature charcoal to adsorption capacity of pollutant and as the particle was minute (D size : $3.35mm{\sim}2.0mm$), it was most effective. The result of adsorption experiment of organic wastewater show that the elimination ratio of pollutants by bamboo high temperature charcoal was found as BOD(82.1%), COD(91.7%), TOC(52.4%), T-N(66.6%), T-P(83.2%) and it has most excellent adsorption capacity of organic pollutants.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.291-297
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• 1994

Cordierite powders were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of metal alkoxides with catalysts in water medium without using organic solvents. Water was adjusted to a certain pH by HC1 and NH4OH. $\alpha$-Cordierite powder was prepared from aluminum isopropoxide, tetraethyl orthosilicate and magnesium ethoxide mixed with water adjusted to pH of 3. At water pH of 11, $\alpha$-cordierite, mullite and $\beta$-quartz phases were coexisted. The powders were freeze dried, calcined and then fired at different temperatures. The characteristics of powders were examined by means of DTA, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and electron microscopy. It was found that $\alpha$-cordierite could be synthesized at temperature of 120$0^{\circ}C$ from the powders prepared by alkoxides with water medium without organic solvents.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1083-1090
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the short-term effects of dietary selenium supplementation on lactating sows on the physiological response, litter performance, milk composition, and tissue selenium retention in piglets when selenium was provided by different sources and at different levels in a lactation diet. Methods: A total of 48 multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) with average body weight, backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of the four treatments with 12 sows per treatment using a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Inorganic or organic Se sources were added to the diet at 0.30 ppm and 0.50 ppm Se. Treatments were as follows: i) IS30, basal diet + inorganic Se 0.30 ppm; ii) IS50, basal diet + inorganic Se 0.50 ppm; iii) OS30, basal diet + organic Se 0.30 ppm; and iv) OS50: basal diet + organic Se 0.50 ppm. Results: At Day 21 of lactation, a high tendency of litter weight (p = 0.08) and litter weight gain (p = 0.09) were observed when sows were fed an organic Se source. The milk Se concentration in the organic Se treatment was higher than that in the inorganic Se treatment at Day 21 of lactation (p<0.05). The serum Se concentrations of sows and piglets at Day 21 of lactation were significantly higher when lactating sows were fed organic Se instead of inorganic Se (p<0.01). During the suckling period, the kidney and muscle Se concentrations of piglets at Day 21 of lactation were significantly higher when the sow dietary Se source was organic (p<0.05). Liver Se concentrations were affected by Se source and level (p<0.05). This also resulted in an interaction response at 21 days of lactation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of dietary organic Se in a lactating diet could improve sow feed consumption, piglet performance, milk Se level, and the Se status of sows and piglets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.573-579
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different copper (inorganic and organic) and energy (tallow and glycerol) sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, diarrhea incidence, and fecal copper concentration in growing pigs by using a 2${\times}$2 factorial design. In this trial, 96 pigs (63 d of age) were employed, with an average initial weight of 28.36${\pm}$1.14 kg. The dietary treatments were i) basal diet with 134 ppm copper (Korea recommendation) as $CuSO_4$+tallow; ii) basal diet with 134 ppm Cu as $CuSO_4$+glycerol; iii) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+tallow; and iv) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+ glycerol. Throughout the entire experimental period, no differences were noted among treatment groups with regard to the magnitude of improvement in ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake) and G/F (gain:feed) ratios. The nitrogen (N) digestibility of pigs fed on diets containing organic copper was improved as compared with that observed in pigs fed on diets containing inorganic copper (p<0.05). An interaction of copper${\times}$energy was observed in the context of both nitrogen (p<0.05) and energy (p<0.01) digestibility. Ammonia emissions were significantly lower in the organic copper-added treatment groups than in the inorganic copperadded treatment groups (p<0.05). Mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide emissions were reduced via the addition of glycerol (p<0.05). No significant effects of copper or energy source, or their interaction, were observed in reference to diarrhea appearance and incidence throughout the entirety of the experimental period. The copper concentration in the feces was significantly lower in the organic copper source treatment group than was observed in the inorganic copper source treatment group (p<0.05). The results of this experiment show that organic copper substituted for inorganic copper in the diet results in a decreased fecal copper excretion, but exerts no effect on performance. The different energy (tallow and glycerol) sources interact with different copper sources and thus influence nutrient digestibility. Glycerol supplementation may reduce the concentrations of odorous sulfuric compounds with different Cu sources.