• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.12
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• pp.2221-2224
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• 2011

During an emergency due to a shortage of power, a load aggregator (LA) can use the demand response operation system to deploy demand response resources (DRRs) through various demand response (DR) programs. This paper introduces the demand response operation system for a load aggregator to manage various demand response resources in a smart grid environment.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.466-471
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• 2004

Electricity industries throughout the world are undergoing unprecedented changes. As a result, these changes lead to the separation of traditional integrated utilities and the introduction of competition in order that increase efficiency in electricity industry. Direct load control (DLC) system in competitive electricity market has a hierarchical interactive operation system, therefore, its control logic is also applied by bilateral interactive method that interchanges information related to interruptible load between operation hierarchies. Consequently, load curtailment allocation algorithm appropriate for new DLC system is required, and based on interchanged information, this algorithm should be implemented by most efficient way for each operation hierarchy. In this paper, we develop the load curtailment allocation algorithm in an emergency for new DLC system. Especially, the optimal algorithm for load aggregator (LA) that participates in competitive electricity market as a main operator for load management is developed.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.8
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• pp.1181-1186
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• 2017

The purpose of Demand Response is to reduce the cost of excessive resources and equipment by spontaneous load reductions at peak loads. Having enough power consumers participating in these schemes is key to achieving the goal. Demand Response Aggregator (DRA) is responsible for recruiting demand resources and managing them to participate in reducing the load. DRAs change the price elasticity of demand functions by providing incentives to demand response, thereby affecting price formation in the electricity market. In this paper, this process is modeled to analyze the relationship between DRA's strategic bidding and market outcomes and load reductions. It analyzes the results by applying to competition between DRAs, competition between DR and Gencos, and coexistence of DR load and non-DR load. It is noteworthy that we have found a phenomenon called the Balloon Effect.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.630-632
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• 2003

This paper describes allocation strategies of controllable loads for load aggregator in power market with the direct load control (DLC) program, which is carried out the two-way confirmation procedure. So, it is needed to the priority among the controllable loads to perform effectively and quickly the confirmation task. In this paper, allocation strategies for market operator and/or load aggregator are proposed, which are based on the basic load patterns defined in this paper. To verify the soundness of proposed strategies. case study on a sample system is performed.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.789-795
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• 2014

In a demand response (DR) market run by independent system operators (ISOs), load aggregators are important market participants who aggregate small retail customers through various DR programs. A load aggregator can minimize the allocation cost by efficiently allocating its demand response resources (DRRs) considering retail customers' characteristics. However, the uncertain response behaviors of retail customers can influence the allocation strategy of its DRRs, increasing the economic risk of DRR allocation. This paper presents a risk-based DRR allocation method for the load aggregator that takes into account not only the physical characteristics of retail customers but also the risk due to the associated response uncertainties. In the paper, a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) is applied to deal with the risk due to response uncertainties. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.640-641
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• 2011

스마트그리드 환경하에서 플러그인 전기 자동차(PEV)는 새로운 도전이자 과제이다. 전 세계적으로 전기 자동차에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 PEV가 전력망에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 LA사업자(Load Aggregator)는 소비자들의 부하를 통합적으로 관리하여 에너지 비용을 최소화하며 인센티브 지급을 통한 V2G 서비스를 사용하여 피크 삭감을 유도한다. PEV 운영 비용 최소화와 부하 평탄화를 목적으로 하는 LA사업자에 의한 PEV 충전 부하 관리의 잠재적인 이점들을 평가하며, 최적 충전 제어 방식을 위하여 하루전 시장에서 충전 부하와 V2G 가능 용량을 예측하고 PEV 배터리를 분석하여 모델링하는 방법을 제시하였다. 사례연구에서는 다음의 세 가지 PEV 충전 시나리오 즉, 제어되지 않는 시나리오(퇴근 후 충전), TOU 요금제를 적용한 시나리오와 최적 충전 제어 시나리오에 대해 에너지 비용과 피크 수요 감축 측면에서 비교 평가하였다. 이는 향후 증가하는 PEV로 인한 계통의 경제성 평가 및 신뢰도 평가로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.633-635
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• 2003

Electricity industries throughout the world are undergoing unprecedented changes. As a result, these changes lead to the separation of traditional integrated utilities and the introduction of competition in order that increase efficiency in electricity industry. Direct load control (DLC) system in competitive electricity market has a hierarchical interactive operation system, therefore, its control logic is also applied by bilateral interactive method that interchanges information related to interruptible load between operation hierarchies. Consequently, load curtailment allocation algorithm appropriate for new DLC system is required, and based on interchanged information, this algorithm should be implemented by most efficient way for each operation hierarchy. In this paper, we develop the load curtailment allocation algorithm in an emergency for new DLC system. Especially, the optimal algorithm for load aggregator (LA) that participates in competitive electricity market as a main operator for load management is developed.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2015

Because of the burgeoning demand of the energy, the countries are finding sustainable solutions for these emerging challenges. Demand Side Management is playing a significant role in managing the demand with an aim to support the electrical grid during the peak hours. However, advancement in controls and communication technologies, the aggregators are appearing as a third party entity in implementing demand response program. In this paper, a detailed mathematical framework is discussed in which the aggregator acts as an energy service provider between the utility and the consumers, and facilitate the consumers to actively participate in demand side management by introducing the new concept of demand reduction bidding (DRB) under constrained direct load control. Paper also presented an algorithm for the proposed framework and demonstrated the efficacy of the algorithm by considering few case studies and concluded with simulation results and discussions.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2157-2165
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• 2017

This study deals with the design of the mechanism in which demand response (DR) resources are traded in the power generation market. In general, a DR aggregator (DRA), which extends DR resources and provides technical support, is central to this mechanism. In this study, power users, called DR customer (DRC), participate in load reduction and are also modeled to participate directly in DR-related bidding. The DRA provides incentives to the DRC, indirectly impacting the market, and the DRC use the bid parameters strategically. We present the conditions for finding Nash Equilibrium (NE) in game problems of various participants including market operators, and analyze the characteristics of DRA and DRC related models. It also analyzes the impact of the participants on the market according to various types of competition and coalitions between DRA and DRC.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.652-653
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• 2011

수요반응(DR : Demand Response)은 스마트 그리드(Smart Grid)를 구성하는 핵심 요소 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 스마트 그리드 환경 하에서 ISO(Independent System Operator)의 수요자원시장에 참여함과 동시에 말단 수용가들을 대상으로 다수의 DR 프로그램을 운영하는 LA(Load Aggregator)사업자의 DR자원 운영 시스템에 대한 전반적인 개념 및 흐름에 대하여 기술하였다. 또한, 스마트 그리드 하에서 LA사업자의 DR자원 운영 시스템 설계 중 LA사업자의 DR자원 최적배분 전략에 대한 개념 및 예시를 제시하였다.