• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2005

Atmospheric deposition and riverine waters were sampled throughout a year, to estimate the loading fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the Masan Bay and its vicinity, Korea. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of total PAHs in the surveyed area varied from 62.2 to 464 ${\mu}g/m^2/year$. Concentration of total PAHs in water samples from six rivers ranged from 34.6 to 239 ng/L. Contribution of the carcinogenic PAHs to the total PAHs occupied $38\%$ and $50\%$ for atmospheric deposition and river waters, respectively. Atmospheric deposition fluxes and water concentrations of PAHs were slightly low or moderate to those in locations from some countries. Correspondence analysis was used to investigate the loading characteristics of PAHs according to transport routes. Atmospheric deposition samples were corresponded to higher molecular aromatics of PAHs, while riverine water samples were associated with lower molecular weight of PAHs. The results indicate that the higher-molecular-weight PAHs can be primarily transported by atmosphere deposition and the lower-molecular-weight PAHs can be mainly contaminated by riverine discharge into the Masan Bay and its vicinity. Loadings fluxes of PAHs into the Masan Bay and its vicinity were 39.2 g/day via atmosphere and 10.3 g/day via rivers, showing that atmospheric input was about 4 times higher than riverine one. Therefore, in order to minimize the contamination burden of PAHs from terrestrial sources to the Masan Bay and its vicinity, the control and management of PAHs deriving from atmosphere will be necessary.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.183-195
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• 2014

The efficiency of two metal ions (cadmium, zinc) removal from aqueous solutions by ultrafiltration (UF) and Polymer Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF) processes were investigated in this work. The UF and PEUF studies were carried out using an ultrafiltration tangential cell system equipped with 5.000 MWCO regenerated cellulose. A water-soluble polymer: the polyacrylic acid (PAA) was used as complexant for PEUF experiments. The effects of transmembrane pressure, pH, metal ions and loading ratio on permeate fluxes and metal ions removals were evaluated. In UF process, permeate fluxes increase linearly with increasing pH for different transmembrane pressure, which may be the consequence of the formation of soluble metal hydroxyl complexes in the aqueous phase. In PEUF process, above pH 5.0, the Cd(II) retention reaches a plateau at 90% and Zn(II) at 80% for L = 5. Also, cadmium retention at different L is greater than zinc retention at pH varying from 5.0 to 9.0. In a mixture solution, cadmium retention is higher than zinc for different loading ratio, this is due to interactions between carboxylic groups of PAA and metal ions and more important with cadmium ions.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.207-217
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• 2011

International efforts have focused recently on the development of tungsten surfaces that can intercept energetic ionized and neutral atoms, and heat fluxes in the divertor region of magnetic fusion confinement devices. The combination of transient heating and local swelling due to implanted helium and hydrogen atoms has been experimentally shown to lead to severe surface and sub-surface damage. We present here a computational model to determine the relationship between the thermo-mechanical loading conditions, and the onset of damage and failure of tungsten surfaces. The model is based on thermo-elasticity, coupled with a grain boundary damage mode that includes contact cohesive elements for grain boundary sliding and fracture. This mechanics model is also coupled with a transient heat conduction model for temperature distributions following rapid thermal pulses. Results of the computational model are compared to experiments on tungsten bombarded with energetic helium and deuterium particle fluxes.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.509-515
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• 2009

When a squirrel cage induction motor is loaded, the magnetic noise can increase depending on the load current. It is due to the variation of air gap harmonic fluxes from the rotor current induced by loading. This unfavorable noise can be anticipated by analysing the radial force waves in the air gap, the mode shapes of them, and stator core natural frequencies at each mode. With the experimental tests with the different rotor slot numbers, the variation of magnetic noise depending on the load current is studied and the method to reduce the magnetic noise is suggested with the newly developed magnetic noise analysis program.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2002

To investigate the feasibility of developing a novel melatonin plaster, the effects of vehicles and drug loading dose on the in vitro permeation of melatonin across dorsal hairless mouse skin from pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrices were examined. Vehicles employed were propylene glycol laurate (PGL), propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME). Among PSAs used, only $Duro-Tak^{\circledR}$ 87-2196 showed a good peeling property. The release from $Duro-Tak^{circledR}$ 87-2196 was proportional to the square root of time, and dose-dependent. The fluxes increased as the loading dose increased over the doses under solubility. The relatively high permeation flux $(3.03{\pm}1.37\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ was obtained when using PGMC at the melatonin loading dose of $45\;mg/140\;cm^2$. Lag time was not affected by the vehicles used but by the thickness spread. The melatonin plasters prepared using PGMC showed a good adhesive property onto skin, and showed no crystal formation.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.610-617
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• 2013

Investigating the budgets of alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in lake water systems is significant for the examination of the behavior of a lake as a sink or a source with respect to the circulation of inorganic carbon chemistry. Budgets of total alkalinity ($Alk_T$) and DIC in Onondaga Lake, which was polluted by chronic calcium (Ca) loading in spite of the closure of soda ash ($Na_2CO_3$) facility, were determined by the analyses of inorganic carbon chemistry in tributary stream channels linked to the lake. AlkT and DIC fluxes of Onondaga Creek and Ninemile Creek occupied 65% and 54%, respectively, as larger tributary streams in comparison with other tributaries as well as different input sources. Budget calculations indicate that 18% of AlkT and 11% of DIC inputs to Onondaga Lake, respectively, remained immobilized in the Lake. This suggests that Ca chronically leached had been precipitated with inorganic carbon or remineralized by secondary mineral formation during the experimental period. In this study, the assumed mass balance calculation in Onondaga Lake with tributary streams resulted in exhibiting that the lake played a role of the sink for the inorganic carbon cycle.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.284-299
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• 2020

Dam reservoirs play a particularly crucial role in processing the allochthonous and the autochthonous dissolved (DOC) and the particulate (POC) organic carbon and in the budget of global carbon cycle. However, the complex physical and biogeochemical processes make it difficult to capture the temporal and spatial dynamics of the DOC and the POC in reservoirs. The purpose of this study was to simulate the dynamics of the DOC and the POC in Daecheong Reservoir using the 3-D hydrodynamics and water quality model (AEM3D), and to quantify the mass balance through the source and sink fluxes analysis. The AEM3D model was calibrated using field data collected in 2017 and showed reasonable performance in the water temperature and the water quality simulations. The results showed that the allochthonous and autochthonous proportions of the annual total organic carbon (TOC) loads in the reservoir were 55.5% and 44.5%, respectively. In season, the allochthonous loading was the highest (72.7%) in summer, while in autumn, the autochthonous loading was the majority (77.1%) because of the basal metabolism of the phytoplankton. The amount of the DOC discharged to downstream of the dam was similar to the allochthonous load into the reservoir. However, the POC was removed by approximately 96.6% in the reservoir mainly by the sedimentation. The POC sedimentation flux was 36.21 g-C/㎡/yr. In terms of space, the contribution rate of the autochthonous organic carbon loading was high in order of the riverine zone, the transitional zone, and the lacustrine zone. The results of the study provide important information on the TOC management in the watersheds with extensive stagnant water, such as dam reservoirs and weir pools.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.430-437
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• 2010

The continuous release of nutrient sources into natural water resource can be a continuing problem in eutrophication, as well as severe reductions in water quality. However, any desirable measure is not developed yet even though so many researches and efforts have been done to solve this problem. Forest as one of troublesome nonpoint sources may contributes most to nutrient loading, but the loading of N and P from forest in order to grasp the eutrophication potential of nonpoint sources has not been evaluated. The nutrient sources from the organic litter accumulated on the surface of forest soils can be a critical factor in continuity of eutrophication of a lake. The decomposition rate of litter can be estimated to predict release of N and P from the forest stand. The loss rate of nitrogen is complicated but depends in part upon the physical matrix of the element. Therefore, long-term nutrient budget and flux estimates at stand would be useful tools in calculating potential nutrient fluxes into the watercourses in a sustainable way. The present investigation can give insight to the actual situation of the eutrophication potentials of forest as the practical nonpoint sources.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
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• pp.9-11
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• 2008

When a squirrel cage induction motor is loaded, the electromagnetic noise can increase depending on the load current. It is due to the air gap harmonic fluxes from the rotor current induced during loading. This unfavorable noise can be anticipated by calculating the radial force waves in the air gap, vibration mode shapes of them, and stator core natural frequencies of each mode. With the experimental tests with the different rotor slot numbers, the variation of electromagnetic noise is studied between on-loaded and loaded running.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2009

PAHs(다환방향족탄화수소) 화합물은 해양환경으로 다양한 경로를 통해 유입되며, 연안역과 하구역에 있어서는 도시화와 산업활동 중 연소에 의하여 발생되어 주로 대기와 하천을 통하여 유입된다. 유입된 PAHs 화합물은 잠재적으로 해양 수서환경 생물에 대해서 발암 및 돌연변이를 일으키고 있다. 따라서 PAHs 화합물의 오염이 예상되는 진해만에 유입되는 주요하천에서 PAHs 화합물의 분포특성과 유입부하량을 조사하여 PAHs 화합물의 오염특성을 파악하였다. 진해만으로 유입되는 주요 하천수 및 하수처리수에서 용존 Total PAHs 화합물의 농도범위와 평균값은 9.79~128.25 (평균 36.94)ng/L를 나타내었으며, 부유입자물질 중 Total PAHs 화합물의 농도범위와 평균값은 1,814.34~8,893.37(평균 4,657.73)${\mu}g$/kg dry wt.로 나타났다. 용존 PAHs 화합물과 부유입자물질 중 PAHs 화합물 모두 유사하게 도시화와 산업화가 이루어진 마산시로부터 유입되는 삼호천에서 기장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 하천수 및 하수처리수에서 PAHs 화합물의 조성 형태는 용존 PAHs 화합물은 저분자량 PAHs 화합물이 대부분을 차지하고 있어 PAHs 화합물의 물리 화학적 성질에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 조사된 하천을 통해 진해만으로 유입되는 용존 Total PAHs 화합물의 유입부하량 범위는 0.06~12.05g/day, 평균 유입부하량은 1.86g/day 그리고 총 유입부하량은 14.85g/day로 산정되었다. 부유입자물질 중 Total PAHs 화합물의 유입부하량 범위는 0.12~16.00g/day, 평균 유입부하량은 평균 2.41g/day 그리고 총 유입부하량은 19.27 g/day로 산정되었다. 용존 PAHs 화합물과 부유입자물질 중 PAHs 화합물 모두 진해만으로 유입되는 유입부하량은 덕동하수처리장이 약 80% 이상으로 대부분을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 타 연구들과 비교에서 진해만 주요 하천수와 하수처리수는 아직까지 낮은 농도를 나타내지만 진해만 연안에 PAHs 화합물의 오염발생원이 주변에 산재하고 있어 PAHs 화합물의 오염정도가 심화될 수도 있다.