• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2003

The use of skin whitening agents has been recently increased in various kinds of cosmetic products, although there were some reports that whitening agents might cause allergic contact dermatitis. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pigs for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the skin sensitization potential of three whitening agents, arbutin, azelaic acid, and kojic acid, by LLNA using a non-radiois-topic endpoint. Female Balb/c mice were exposed topically to a weak allergen, $\alpha$-hexylcinnamalde-hyde (HCA), and three whitening agents following LLNA protocol. Lymph node (LN) weight and cell proliferation in ears and auricular lymph node using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry were evaluated. LN weights were significantly increased at the HCA group compared to the vehicle control. A weak allergen, HCA elicited 3-fold or greater increase in cell proliferation of lymph nodes as well as increase in cell proliferation of ear as measured by BrdU immunohistochemistry. However, in the case of skin whitening agent groups, there were no significant changes in LN weight and cell proliferation in the ear and lymph node of mice treated with 5, 10 and 20% of three whitening agents compared to the vehicle control. These results show that these three skin whitening agents may not have contact sensitization potentials at tested concentrations in Balb/c mice by LLNA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.185-185
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• 2002

A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative test to guinea pig maximization test. The disadvantage of LLNA is the need for the use of radioactive material. In this study, we aimed to investigate the development of non-radio isotopic endpoint for local lymph node assay in Balb/c mice using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation.(omitted)

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2002

Allergic contact dermatitis (skin sensitization) may be caused by a wide variety of chemicals. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pig models for assessing the contact sensitization potential of chemical. This study was carried out to evaluate the skin sensitization potential for chemicals in Balb/c mice by LLNA. Contact allergen, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), respiratory allergen, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and a weak allergen, $\alpha$-hexlycinnamaldehyde (HCA) were wed as positive chemicals and irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) also wed as a reference chemical in this study. The weights of lymph node in the mice treated with DNCB, TDI, and HCA were increased compared to vehicle control. There was a significant increase in lymph node weight of mice treated with high concentration of SLS compared to vehicle control. The stimulation index (SI) of Lymph node cell in the mice treated with DNCB, TDI, and HCA revealed over three-fold increase compared to vehicle control by $3^H$-thymidine uptake. All allergens correctly identified in this LLNA study wing Balb/c mice. These results suggest that LLNA wing Balb/c mice could be a useful method for screening the allergenic potential of chemicals. The expression of IL-2 mRNA was slightly increased in draining auricular lymph node cell of the mice treated with TDI and HCA by RT-PCR. However the IL-2 levels in DNCB and SLS of treated animals were not significantly changed.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2003

Allergic contact dermatitis may be caused by a wide variety of chemicals. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pig models for assessing the contact sensitization potential of chemical. However, there is a need to develop a nonradioisotopic endpoint for the LLNA, because of the radioisotopic method's requiring the use of special facilities. In this study, we investigated the development of a nonradioisotopic endpoint for LLNA using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Female Balb/c mice were treated by the topical application on the dorsum of both ears with four different strong sensitizers, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), oxazolone (OXZ), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and trimellitic anhydride (TMA), and a strong irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), once daily for three consecutive days. The proliferation of cells in the auricular Iymph node was analyzed by means of the labelling index (Ll) of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cells. The weights of the Iymph nodes in the mice treated with allergens, DNCB, OXZ, TDl and TMA were increased compared to the vehicle control. The stimulation index (Sl) of mice treated with DNCB, OXZ, TDl, and TMA was over three-fold increase compared to the vehicle control. However, the S1 of mice exposed to SLS was not significantly increased compared to the vehicle control, while the lymph node weight of SLS was significantly increased. These results suggest that the LLNA modified endpoint using ELISA based on BrdU incorporation could provide a useful method of screening for irritants and allergens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2003

The use of skin whitening agents have been recently increased in various kinds of cosmetic products, although there were reports that whitening agents might cause allergic contact dermatitis. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pigs for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the skin sensitization potential of three whitening agents, kojic acid, arbutin, azelaic acid, by LLNA using a non-radioistopic endpoint.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.193-193
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• 2001

A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pig models for contact sensitization potential. However, a disadvantage of the LLNA is the need for the use of radioactive material. In this study, we aimed to investigate the development of non-radio isotopic endpoint for LLNA using immunohistochemistry.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.194-194
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• 2001

Preclinical test methods for allergenic potential chemicals has been widely used to assess human risks and has been developed. Recently, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been proposed as a prospective method to identify contact allergens and to replace conventional the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). The objective of this study was to establish LLNA and to evaluate allergenicity of chemicals by LLNA. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.124-124
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• 2003

A murine local lymph node assay(LLNA) has been developed as an alternative method to guinea pig maximization test for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the potential use of cytokine producing cells to discriminate between allergens and irritant in the LLNA.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2018

Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D. Single oral toxicity, single dermal toxicity, bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay, skin irritation test with $SkinEthic^{TM}$ human epidermis model, skin sensitization local lymph node assay, and human patch test, were examined. The oral and dermal $LD_{50}$ value of GS-E3D was over 2,000 mg/kg in rats. GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant to skin in BCOP assay, human epidermis models, and patch test from the 32 human subjects. The skin sensitization potential of GS-E3D was less than 25% in local lymph node assay. These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a safe ingredient without adverse effects in various skin care products.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.137.2-137.2
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• 2002