• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.72-76
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• 2015

Capital project benchmarking requires an effective cost normalization process to compare cost performance of projects accomplished in different time and location. Existing cost normalization approaches have been established based on the assumption that all required information for cost normalization is fully identified once a project is completed. Cost normalization, however, is sometimes required to evaluate phase-level outcomes of an ongoing project where the required information is not fully available. This paper aims to provide a cost normalization procedure for phase-based performance assessment. The procedure consists of three normalization steps: currency conversion, location adjustment, and time adjustment considering various scenarios where the required information is not fully identified. This paper also presents how the cost normalization procedure has been applied to the 10-10 Performance Assessment Program, which is a phase-based performance assessment system developed by the Construction Industry Institute (CII). Both researchers and industrial professionals can apply the cost normalization procedure to studies and practices regarding to cost estimation, feasibility analysis, and performance assessment.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.166-179
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• 2021

Recently, with the development of technology, computer vision research based on the human visual system has been actively conducted. Saliency maps have been used to highlight areas that are visually interesting within the image, but they can suffer from low performance due to external factors, such as an indistinct background or light source. In this study, existing color, brightness, and contrast feature maps are subjected to multiple shape and orientation filters and then connected to a fully connected layer to determine pixel intensities within the image based on location-based weights. The proposed method demonstrates better performance in separating the background from the area of interest in terms of color and brightness in the presence of external elements and noise. Location-based weight normalization is also effective in removing pixels with high intensity that are outside of the image or in non-interest regions. Our proposed method also demonstrates that multi-filter normalization can be processed faster using parallel processing.

• 한국생물정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물정보시스템생물학회 2005년도 BIOINFO 2005
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

There are many sources of systematic variations in cDNA microarray experiments which affect the measured gene expression levels like differences in labeling efficiency between the two fluorescent dyes. Print-tip lowess normalization is used in situations where dye biases can depend on spot overall intensity and/or spatial location within the array. However, print-tip lowess normalization performs poorly in situation where error variability for each gene is heterogeneous over intensity ranges. We proposed the new print-tip normalization methods based on support vector machine regression(SVMR) and support vector machine quantile regression(SVMQR). SVMQR was derived by employing the basic principle of support vector machine (SVM) for the estimation of the linear and nonlinear quantile regressions. We applied our proposed methods to previous cDNA micro array data of apolipoprotein-AI-knockout (apoAI-KO) mice, diet-induced obese mice, and genistein-fed obese mice. From our statistical analysis, we found that the proposed methods perform better than the existing print-tip lowess normalization method.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.2102-2102
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• 2001

Near infrared, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has shown significant potential for in vitro and in vivo assessment of metabolic status. However, the complexity of living samples can lead to ambiguous results. This presentation will focus on methods that provide controls for scattering and absorption estimation in tissue. For robust estimations, normalization procedures will be shown which can greatly improve interpretability of results. Normalization based on time, location and spectral property will be shown with data from models, tissue phantoms and in vivo measurements. In particular, interpretation of NIR spectra associated with major respiratory constituents will be examined. Measurement of constituents such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, tissue edema, and lactate will be shown. Results suggest that NIR may provide a valuable tool for physiological monitoring in critical care research and practice.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.396-405
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• 2021

In surgery to remove pancreatic cancer, it is important to figure out the shape of a patient's pancreas. However, previous studies have a limit to detect a pancreas automatically in abdominal CT images, because the pancreas varies in shape, size and location by patient. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method of learning various shapes of pancreas according to the patients and adjacent slices using Faster R-CNN based on Inception V2, and automatically detecting the pancreas from abdominal CT images. Model training and testing were performed using the NIH Pancreas-CT Dataset, and intensity normalization was applied to all data to improve pancreatic detection accuracy. Additionally, according to the shape of the pancreas, the test dataset was classified into top, middle, and bottom slices to evaluate the model's performance on each data. The results show that the top data's mAP@.50IoU achieved 91.7% and the bottom data's mAP@.50IoU achieved 95.4%, and the highest performance was the middle data's mAP@.50IoU, 98.5%. Thus, we have confirmed that the model can accurately detect the pancreas in CT images.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1415-1425
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• 2016

This paper presents a new approach for fault diagnosis in three-level neutral point clamped inverters. The proposed method is based on the average values of the positive and negative parts of normalized output currents. This method is capable of detecting and locating multiple open-circuit faults in the controlled power switches of converters in half of a fundamental period of those currents. The implementation of this diagnostic approach only requires two output currents of the inverter. Therefore, no additional sensors are needed other than the ones already used by the control system of a drive based on this type of converter. Moreover, through the normalization of currents, the diagnosis is independent of the load level of the converter. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic technique are validated by experimental results obtained under steady-state and transient conditions.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2003년도 Proceeding
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• pp.231-235
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• 2003

Network infrastructure has spread to an unprecedented extent and is used in various computing devices, such as smart appliances, smart phones, and embedded devices with sensors, which have all been appearing in the computing environment. To accommodate this trend, for a more intelligent service environment, the service platform needs to have abilities that facilitate the operation between services, dynamically share distributed computing resources, and manage appropriate contextual information. We have simulated a service platform to provide intelligent services using contextual information after having implemented the context management service. The context management service gathers raw contextual information from sensors and stores these in the context database. For a consistent basis of contextual information, time and location are used as the key values of the contextual information. The context management service also performs normalization to provide computable contextual information to context-aware applications. In this paper, a service platform based on Jini technology is proposed for constructing an interoperable, dynamic, and . intelligent service environment using contextual information.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 두 점의 집합들 사이의 기하학적 유사도에 근거한 Hausdorff 거리와 국지적 미세 텍스처의 분포에 근거한 Local Binary Pattern 거리가 융합된 새로운 측도를 도입함으로써 얼굴검출의 정확도를 높이는 방법을 제안하고 있다. 트레이닝 데이터를 이용해서 두 가지의 상이한 측도들을 정규화할 수 있는 매개변수와 최적화된 융합 비율을 찾는 방법을 보였다. 흔히 사용되는 얼굴 데이터베이스에 적용함으로써 제시된 방법이 두 가지 방법 각각을 이용한 방법보다 효과적이고 얼굴의 자세, 조명, 배경의 변화에 강인함을 보였다. 실험에서 사용된 데이터베이스의 경우 실제 얼굴의 위치와 검출된 얼굴의 위치 간의 평균거리오차가 LBP 방식의 47.9%, Hausdorff 방식의 22.8% 로 감소됨을 보였다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.157-157
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• 2017

To minimize the damage by wild birds and acquire the benefits such as protection against weeds and maintenance of water content in soil, the mulching black color vinyl after seeding should be carried out. Non-contact and non-destructive methods that can continuously determine the locations are necessary. In this study, a crop position detection method was studied that uses infrared thermal image sensor to determine the cotyledon position under vinyl mulch. The moving system for acquiring image arrays has been developed for continuously detecting crop locations under plastic mulching on the field. A sliding mechanical device was developed to move the sensor, which were arranged in the form of a linear array, perpendicular to the array using a micro-controller integrated with a stepping motor. The experiments were conducted while moving 4.00 cm/s speed of the IR sensor by the rotational speed of the stepping motor based on a digital pulse width modulation signal from the micro-controller. The acquired images were calibrated with the spatial image correlation. The collected data were processed using moving averaging on interpolation to determine the frame where the variance was the smallest in resolution units of 1.02 cm. Non-linear integral interpolation was one of method for analyzing the frequency using the normalization image and then arbitrarily increasing the limited data value of $16{\times}4pixels$ in one frame. It was a method to relatively reduce the size of overlapping pixels by arbitrarily increasing the limited data value. The splitted frames into 0.1 units instead of 1 pixel can propose more than 10 times more accurate and original method than the existing correction method. The non-integral calibration method was conducted by applying the subdivision method to the pixels to find the optimal correction resolution based on the first reversed frequency. In order to find a correct resolution, the expected location of the first crop was indicated on near pixel 4 in the inversion frequency. For the most optimized resolution, the pixel was divided by 0.4 pixel instead of one pixel to find out where the lowest frequency exists.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 지진하중을 받는 탄성구조물을 대상으로 층전단력 분포에 기초한 마찰감쇠기의 설계방법을 제시하였다. 먼저 마찰감쇠기의 슬립하중(slip-load)을 정규화하는 방법 별로 단자유도 시스템의 수치해석을 수행하고 비교하였다. 이를 통해 슬립하중과 가새 강성의 영향을 파악하였으며, 설치용 가새와 원구조물의 최적강성비를 찾았다. 다음으로는 다양한 고유주기와 층수를 갖는 구조물을 대상으로 수치해석을 통해 마찰감쇠기의 설치 층수와 위치의 결정방법 및 슬립하중의 분배 방법을 도출하였다. 이 과정에서 설치 층수가 포함된 성능지수를 사용하여 슬립하중의 총합으로부터 최적의 설치 층수를 도출하는 경험식을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 실제 지진하중을 사용한 수치해석을 통해 기존의 최적설계 방법과 비교하여 제안된 방법의 우수성을 입증하였다.