• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to examine the functional difference in the long and short heads of the biceps brachii by investigating the onset time of muscle contractions in the biceps brachii in the supination motion according to whether the flexor of the elbow joint is excluded. Methods: This study was conducted with 21 healthy men aged in their 20s. While performing forearm pronation at an elbow flexion angle of 90 degrees, the onset time of muscle contractions in the long and short heads of the biceps brachii was measured and compared in a posture where the humerus is placed on a table and the posture is lifted against gravity. Using an independent samples t-test, the difference in the onset time of muscle contractions in the long and short heads of the biceps brachii was analyzed. Results: The onset time of the long head was shorter if the flexor activity of the elbow joint was excluded, while that of the short head of the biceps brachii was shorter if it was not excluded. Conclusion: It is noted that the long head of the biceps brachii mainly functions as a supinator muscle, while the short head of the biceps brachii plays a role in stabilizing and maintaining flexion of the elbow joint.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2015

In general, the long head of the biceps brachii originates from the superior glenoid labrum and the supraglenoid tubercle, crosses the rotator cuff interval, and extends into the bicipital groove. However, rare anatomic variations of the origins of the long head have been reported in the past. In this report, we review the clinical history, radiologic findings, and arthroscopic identifications of 3 anatomic variants of the biceps tendon long head. As the detection of long head of biceps tendon pathology during preoperative radiologic assessment can be difficult without prior knowledge, surgeons should be aware of such possible anatomic variations.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.194-196
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• 2014

A ganglion is a benign cystic mass, commonly found around a joint or tendon sheath. It frequently occurs at the wrist, foot, ankle, and knee. Intratendinous ganglion has been rarely reported, and intratendinous ganglion of the long head of biceps brachii is extremely rare. According to our literature review, this is the third case of intratendinous ganglion of the long head of biceps brachii, and the first case of arthroscopic treatment. Therefore we report a case of an arthroscopic treatement for an intratendinous ganglion of the long head of biceps brachii.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of resistance on the muscle activities of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii, according to the elbow angle in supination, and the difference in muscle activity between the long and the short heads. Methods: This study was conducted with 22 men in their 20s who voluntarily agreed to participate. With the glenohumeral joint neutral in a position of supination, the elbow angle was randomly moved to 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. Using an 8-channel surface EMG while the participants held a 2-kg. dumbbell, the muscle activities of the long and the short heads of the biceps brachii were measured. The measured data were statistically processed using SPSS for Windows 12.0. For the activities of the short and the long heads according to the angle, a one-way ANOVA was conducted, and subsequently, to check the results of an analysis of the difference between groups, an LSD post-hoc test was conducted. An independent t-test was used to compare the activities of the long head and the short head according to the angles. Results: The analysis of the impact of the load of the dumbbell at each elbow angle on the muscle activities of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii revealed significant differences in both heads (p < 0.05). The result of the post-hoc analysis showed significant differences in both heads at angles between 0° and 30°, between 0° and 60°, and between 0° and 90°. Analysis of the impact of the load of the dumbbell in supination on the muscle activities of the long and short heads showed a significant difference at the angle between 0° and 30° (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The long head of the biceps brachii mainly acts in supination; however, in supination at elbow-bending angles of 60° and 90°, there was no difference in muscle activity between the short head and the long head.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2018

Background: Popeye deformity is common after rupture of the biceps muscle's long head tendon. Herein, we report on histological changes in biceps brachii muscles following tenotomy of the long head biceps tendon. Methods: Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats (12-week-old) underwent tenotomy of the long head biceps tendon in the right shoulder. At postoperative weeks 4, 7, and 10, the operative shoulders were removed by detaching the biceps brachii muscle from the glenoid scapula and humerus; the opposite shoulders were removed as controls. H&E staining was performed to elucidate histological changes in myocytes. Oil-red O staining was performed to determine fatty infiltration. Myostatin antibody immunohistochemistry staining was performed as myostatin is expressed by skeletal muscle cells during myogenesis. Results: H&E staining results revealed no changes in muscle cell nuclei. There were no adipocytes detected. Compared with that of the control biceps, the cross-sectional area of the long head biceps was significantly smaller (p=0.00). Statistical changes in the total extent of the 100 muscle cells were significant (p=0.00). Oil-red O staining revealed no fatty infiltration. Myostatin antibody immunohistochemical staining revealed no significant difference between the two sides. Conclusions: Muscular changes after tenotomy of the long head biceps included a decrease in the size of the individual muscle cells and in relative muscle mass. There were no changes observed in muscle cell nuclei and no fatty infiltration. Moreover, there were no changes detected by myostatin antibody immunohistochemistry assay.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.119-120
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• 2002

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.147-152
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the functional differences of the two heads of the biceps brachii by measuring the functions in supination according to pronation by the angle of the flexion of the elbow joint, except for the activities of the elbow flexors. Methods: This study was conducted with 25 healthy men in their 20s. At a glenohumeral-joint 0˚ flexion posture, angles of flexion of the elbow joint of 0˚, 30˚, 60˚, 90˚, and 120˚ were randomly provided, and they were asked to perform supination and pronation with an elastic band. Using an eight-channel surface electromyogram, the muscle activities of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii were measured. The activities of the short and long heads according to the angle were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA, and as a post-test, LSD was employed. Results: The analysis of the impact of the resistance of the elastic band in supination on the differences in the muscle activities in the short and long heads suggests there was a significant difference between 0˚ and 30˚ (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In supination according to forearm pronation, the long head had greater action in the early flexion posture of the elbow joint, and it is judged that the ratio of the flexion of the elbow joint according to the actions of the biceps brachii was considered small.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2008

Calcific tendinitis is a common condition with characteristic clinical and radiological findings. Although we do not know which condition initiated the pathologic cascade, we present a rare case of calcific tendinitis of the long head of the biceps brachii at its origin, associated with a SLAP lesion. The calcium deposit was removed and the SLAP lesion was repaired with a suture anchor arthroscopically.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the muscle activity by electrode location in the biceps brachii during the arm curl isometric exercise and to provide the basic data needed to develop the proper electrode location of the biceps brachii based on the study results comparing the muscle activity by the angle of the elbow joint. Method: 17 adult males (Age: 21.50±4.63 yrs, height: 175.29±5.97 cm, weight: 63.79±15.31 kg, upper-arm length: 30.10±1.22 cm) participated in the study. In the arm curls isometric exercise, the experiment was divided into 1st and 2nd steps to compare muscle activity according to electrode location in the biceps brachii and muscle activity according to elbow angle change. In the first experiment, the surface electrode was attached at one-third point on the line from medial acromion to cubital fossa, according to the measurement method indicated by SENIAM. The elbow angle was set to 90°. In the second experiment, according to the proposed method of this study, the electrodes were separated at one finger's width in the left and right direction at one-third point on the line from medial acromion to cubital fossa, attached at the long head and short head. From the long head electrode, in about a width of two fingers in proximal direction, a total of three electrodes were attached at the myotendinal junction of the long head. The elbow angles were set as 70°, 90°, and 110°, and the isometric exercise (100% MVC) for 5 seconds was maintained with keeping the forearm and the rope to be 90° for the first and second experiments. Results: During the arm curl isometric exercise, there was no significant difference in SH and SENIAM proposition location proposed by this researcher. LH was shown to be lower than the muscle activity of the location proposed by SENIAM and there were significant (p<.01) differences. MJ appeared lower than the muscle activity of the location proposed by SENIAM and there were significant (p<.001) differences. The muscle activity by the elbow joint angle of SH in the biceps brachii was shown in large order of 70°<90°<110°, but there was no significant difference. The muscle activity by the elbow joint angle of LH was shown in large order of 90°<70°<110°, but there was no significant difference. The muscle activity by the elbow joint angle of MJ was shown in large order of 110°<90°<70°, but there was no significant difference. Conclusion: During the arm curl isometric exercise of the biceps brachii, it is judged appropriate to attach surface electrodes to the location proposed by SENIAM.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 1998

Medial dislocation of the long head of the biceps brachii is a rare condition that usually occurs in association with tears of the subscapularis, chronic impingement, capsular defects or a fracture of the lesser tuberosity. Less commonly, a biceps tendon dislocation may occur after an acute traumatic event. Following a dislocation, the biceps tendon will assume either an intra- or extra-articular position depending on whether or not the subscapularis tendon detaches from its humeral insertion. Magnetic resonance imaging has been found to provide valuable information concerning the location of the biceps tendon and the integrity of the subscapularis tendon. We present a patient with a traumatic dislocation of the biceps brachii tendon in which the diagnosis remained elusive for an extended period of time. In this case, he was evaluated using MRI and reconstruction was performed by restoring the tendon to its anatomical position.