• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 1984

The effect of fiber sources on lipid metabolism was investigated in relation to the level of dietary fat. After rats were fed each diet for 4 weeks, all animals were sacrificed to collect the liver, and blood samples by heart puncture. Total lipid, total cholesterol, phospholipid and HDL- cholesterol were determined in serum. Total lipid and total cholesterol were also determined in liver. These results were compared with the histochemical appearances by the method of Oil red-O staining. Higher level of fat in the diet appeared to increase the total lipid levels in serum and more fat in the liver cells were shown from the high fat diet judging from the E.M. pictures. Phospholipid concentration in serum was greater in the rats of high fat groups than those of the control or non-fat groups. High fat level caused to decrease the HDL- cholesterol concentration in serum. Pectin decreased serum and liver lipids and the deposit of fat in the liver cells. HDL-cholesterol levels in serum was increased by pectin. Whereas the cellulose supplementation had no effect to reduce serum and liver total lipid levels, and cellulose did not decreased the deposit of fat in the liver cells. From these results, it is concluded that dietary fat levels led to changes in the lipid metabolism of rats and pectin may exhibit a lowering total lipid contents in serum and liver. Cellulose may slightly elevate serum and liver levels, or have no lowering effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.499-512
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate effects of dried leaf powders, water, 75% and 95% ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf and green tea on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity in 12-month-old rats. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 542$\pm$4.5g were blocked into groups according to their body weight and were raised for four weeks with the diets containing 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb) and green tea(Camellia Sinensis O. Ktze), water or 75% and 95% ethanol extracts from same amount of each dried tea powder. Food intake was not significantly different among all groups, but weight gain of green tea powder group was significantly lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver lipid levels of all the tea diet groups were lower than those of control group. Especially, 75% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf decreased total lipid and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and 95% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf decreased liver total lipid level. However, there was no difference between 75% ethanol extracts groups and 95% ethanol extracts groups in lipid metabolism. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities in erythrocyte were remarkably increased by all the green tea diets. SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in liver were increased by the feeding of ethanol extracts from green tea and persimmon leaf powder. Liver xanthine oxidase activity was not different among all groups. Plasma Thiobarbirutic acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the green tea diet groups were significantly low. It was thought that high flavonoids in green tea inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation by promoting SOD, catalase activities in erythrocyte. 95% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf also inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation by high vitamin E and beta-carotene. Persimmon leaf powder decreased liver TBARS concentration by vitamin E, betacarotene and vitamin C and by increasing activities of antioxidative enzymes with flavonoids. In conclusion, dried leaf powders, water, 75% and 95% ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf and green tea were effective in lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in 12-month-old rats. Above all, ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf decreased plasma and liver lipid levels and persimmon leaf powder effectively inhibited liver lipid peroxidation. Extracts of green tea leaf inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation. In lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, ethanol extracts were more effective than water extracts, but there was no difference between 75% ethanol extracts and 95% ethanol extracts in lipid metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 499~512, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dried powder and juice of Aster scaber on lipid metabolism and antioxidative capacity in rats. Twenty one male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 170.9$\pm$15.1g were blocked into 3 groups according to body weight and raised for 4 weeks with diets containing 5%(w/w) dried powder and juice from the same amount of Aster scaber. Food intake, body weight gain, food efficiency ratio and organ weights were not different among all the experimental groups. On lipid metabolism, both dried powder and juice supplementation decreased plasma total lipid, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol and liver cholesterol levels by increasing fecal lipid excretions. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations were significantly decreased in dried powder and juice groups, whereas liver TBARS concentrations were not affected by experimental diets. Red blood cell(RBC) superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were significantly increased by dried powder and juice supplementation, while activities of other antioxidative enzymes in RBC and liver were decreased or showed no changes. In conclusion, both Aster scaber dried powder and juice had the effects on lowering lipid levels by increasing fecal lipid excretions, and inhibiting of plasma lipid peroxidation in animals and the effects of juice were higher than that of dried powder. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 375-383, 2001)

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2003

Fruits and vegetables reportedly have a protective effect against hyperlipidemia and oxidative disease. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering effect and antioxidative capacity of persimmon leaf extract (PLE) in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Male rats were fed a high-cholesterol (1% wt/wt) or high-cholesterol diet supplemented with Lovastatin (0.02% wt/wt) or PLE (0.2% wt/wt) for 5 weeks. The concentration of plasma total cholesterol was significantly lower in the PLE group than in the lovastatin group. However, the concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol (%) were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the control group. The PLE supplement also significantly lowered the contents of hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride. In comparing fecal sterol contents, the PLE group saw a significant increase of both neutral and acidic sterol compared to the other groups. The PLE supplement significantly lowered plasma GOT and GPT activity, which ave indices of hepatic toxicity. Plasma TBARS concentration was significantly lower in the PLE group than in the control group, while hepatic TBARS level was not significantly different between the groups. In a comparison of hepatic antioxidant parameters, SOD, catalase and GSH-Px activity were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the control group. However, the PLE supplement significantly towered antioxidant enzyme activity in the erythrocyte. Furthermore, these results suggest that supplementation of PLE promoted the excretion of fecal sterols, thereby leading to decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol. In addition, PLE may play an important role in regulating antioxidative capacities by altering SOD and ChT activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.352-363
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• 2004

Lipid-lowering effects of the inulin have been demonstrated in animal, yet attempts to reproduce similar effects in humans have generated conflicting results. In this study, the lipid-lowering potential of inulin and especially its effect on bile acid and neutral sterol excretion were investigated in Korean postmenopausal women. Nineteen postmenopausal women were randomly divided into two groups in a double-blind parallel design and consumed one of two supplements for 12 weeks; placebo of 8g maltodextrins/sucrose mixture (placebo group) or 8g inulin (inulin group). There were no significant changes in body weight during the supplementation period in either inulin or placebo group. Dietary consumption of animal fat in both group tended to decrease after 12 weeks of experiment. Intake of cholesterol was lower in placebo group, whereas the decrease of cholesterol intake in inulin group did not reach statistical significance after 12 weeks. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased in both placebo (p＜0.05) and inulin group (p＜0.01) after supplementation for 12 weeks compared with the baseline. The levels of serum triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were not significantly affected by inulin supplements, but atherogenic index (AI) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (LHR) as a predictor for coronary heart disease were improved (p＜0.01) significantly after inulin supplementation. Therefore, inulin supplement may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease via improving blood cholesterol level. Fecal weight and pH were not changed after 12 weeks of supplementation. There were no statistically significant changes for the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In inulin group, fecal deoxycholic acid (DCA) was significantly lowered compared with the baseline (p＜0.05) whereas other bile acids were not changed. During the 12 weeks of intervention, no differences were found in fecal excretion of neutral sterol in the two groups. In summary, dietary inulin decreases serum TC, LDL-C, AI, LHR and lowers excretion of fecal DCA in the Korean postmenopausal women. These results support the use of inulin for reducing risk factors for hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women. However, the exact mechanism (s) responsible for the blood lipid lowering action of inulin including altered fecal bile acid remain to be elucidated.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2001

The influence of Rhodiola extract on tissue antioxidant status, plasma lipid levels, cholesterol contents of liver and fores were investigated in rats find oxidized linoleic acid. Groups of five-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats fed ad libitum with a diet containing 20% oxidized linoleic acid with or without 300 mg/kg body weight freeze-dried Rhodiola water extract. The antioxidant effect of dietary Rhodiola extract supplementation on the peroxidation potential of rats was investigated. The microsomal thiobarbiruric acid reactive substance (TBARS) contents were changed significantly by Rhodiola extract supplementation. Hepatic Catalase activities were increased in Rhodiola supplemented rats, whereas hepatic Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) or Copper Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD) were not elevated. In addition, plasma cholesterol lowering effect was observed along with the stimulated excretion of cholesterol through the feces were observed with Rhodiola feeding. Supplementation with Rhodiola extract did not alter high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. These results support that Rhodiola extract may be effective in protection against oxidative stress, and prevention and treatment of blood dyslipidemia. It demonstntes that Rhodiola extract has a potential to exert anti-atherogenic properties antioxidative capacities .

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.507-513
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• 1997

This study was carried out to examine whether kimchi has hypolipidemic effect and to know how it exert lipid-lowering effect in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with kimchi-fee diet, or 3%, or 5%, or 10% kimchi diets for 6 weeks. Plasma cholesterol level was lowered in rats fed all concentrations of kimchi diets, and plasma triglyceride(TG) level was lowered in 10% kimchi diet group compared with that of control significantly(p<0.05). Th intake of kimchi lowered VLDL-cholesterol and VLDL-TG levels, whereas increased HDL-cholesterol level significantly(p<0.05). LDL-cholesterol level was lowered only in 5% kimchi diet group and LDL-TG level was lowered in all kimchi diet groups compared with those of control significantly (p<0.05). the intake of 5% and 10% kimchi diets also lowered the levels of hepatic cholesterol, TG, total lipid, and apolipoprotein B, whereas increased the levels of fecal total fat, cholesterol, TG, and apolipoprotein A-1 significantly(p<0.05). Triiodothyronine(T$_3$) level was elevated in rats fed kimchi diet, whereas thyroxine(T$_4$) level was not affected by kimchi treatment. These observations support that the intake of kimchin in rats loweres plasma and hepatic lipid levels by increasing the excretion of TG and cholesterol through feces, by the elevation of T$_3$ level, and by the altered lipoprotein metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2005

Hypercholesterolemia has been regarded as a major risk factor of coronary heart disease(CHD). CHD is increasing in recent years among Koreans due to westernization of lifestyle and dietary behaviors. In the United States, implementation of the National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP) had resulted 40% decline in mortality from CHD. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of medical nutrition therapy on serum lipid levels and discuss the effective nutrition education contents. Thirty outpatients(Male 40%, female 60%) with hypercholesterolemia were educated by medical nutrition therapy(MNT) protocol. At first visit and after three months of MNT, we assessed serum lipid profile, body weight and surveyed general characteristics, lifestyle and food habits through questionnaire. After 12 weeks of MNT, there were significant reductions in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C). Foods habits and lifestyle were changed to the desirable patterns. These results indicate that lipid profile is improved by changes of dietary behaviors and lifestyle. Especially in case of obesity, cholesterol lowering effect of MNT was more powerful. Consequently, MNT is effective on reduction of serum lipids by behavior change in hypercholesterolemic patients.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of yellow soybean powder on serum lipid level and enzyme activities, male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were given hyperlipidemic diets for 6 weeks. Rats(n=8) were divided into three groups consisting the normal group(N), hyperlipidemic diets group(C) and hyperlipidemic diets and yellow soybean powder group(YSP). YSP group lowered triglyceride, total lipid, phospholpid, ester-cholesterol and free-cholesterl than control group. YSP group lowered total-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol but increased HDL-cholesterol of the serum compared to the control group. Athergenic Index(AI) and LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio) of YSP group was decreased by control group (p<0.05). On the other hand, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GTP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDHase) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) enzymes activities were decreased by hyperlipidemic diets group (C). These results suggest that yellow soybean powder fed a lipid lowering effect in serum of rats.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 1985

The influence of fat level and dietary fiber on serum and liver lipid concentration of the rat was investigated. Groups of rats were fed respectively 3%, 5%, 20% fat containing and free fiber diet until 5th week. From 5th week to 9th week high fat diet groups of rates were devided high fat diet group, high fat pectin supplemented diet group and high fat celulose supplemented diet group. Pectin and cellulose at 10% was supplemented to high fat diets. After rats were fed for 9 weeks, all rats were sacrificed to collect the liver and blood samples by heart puncture. Serum and liver lipids were determined on all rats and compared the histochemical lipid staining method with the biochemical analysis of serum and liver lipids. A high fat diet caused increased level of the total lipids, total cholesterol and free cholesterol contents in the liver and the serum. Rats fed pectin reduced body weight, werum lipid and liver lipid but cellulose had no effect to reduce serum and liver lipid concentration. These results indicate that dietary fat level led to changes in the lipid metabolism of rats and that pectin was more effective in lowering serum and liver lipid than cellulose.