• Title/Summary/Keyword: Lysine

Search Result 1,735, Processing Time 0.033 seconds

Comparison of Free and Dipeptide Lysine Utilization in Diets for Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

  • Rahimnejad, Samad;Lee, Kyeong-Jun
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
    • /
    • v.17 no.4
    • /
    • pp.433-439
    • /
    • 2014
  • We compared the utilization efficiency of free lysine (FL) and dipeptide lysine-glycine (LG) in terms of growth performance and whole-body amino acid composition in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. A basal experimental diet was formulated to contain 0.5% (basal) lysine from fish meal, and four other diets were prepared by supplementing 0.5% or 1.0% of either FL or LG. The experiment was performed in triplicate, and 20 randomly selected fish averaging $5.41{\pm}0.16g$ were fed one of the test diets at the rate of 3% BW/day twice daily for 6 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the basal diet showed significantly less weight gain than did the other groups. The results of a two-way ANOVA showed that both lysine level (P = 0.001) and type (P = 0.034) influenced growth rate; however, we found no significant interaction between lysine level and form (P > 0.05). Our results revealed a significant improvement in protein efficiency ratio (PER) with each increment of dietary lysine, and the groups fed LG-supplemented diets showed higher PER than did those offered FL. Hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices were significantly influenced by lysine level and form, and higher values were recorded in fish fed diets containing LG. Significantly higher whole-body arginine levels were found in LG-fed groups, and a significant interaction was observed between lysine level and form (P = 0.009). Whole-body valine and aspartic acid contents were affected by lysine level, and alanine concentration was influenced by both lysine level and form. Our findings indicate that juvenile olive flounder can utilize LG more efficiently than FL for protein synthesis.

Effects of Dietary Energy Concentration and Lysine on the Digestible Energy Ratio for Apparent Amino Acid Digestibility in Finishing Barrows

  • Cho, S.B.;Lee, H.J.;Chung, I.B.;Long, H.F.;Lim, J.S.;Kim, Y.Y.;Han, In K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.21 no.2
    • /
    • pp.232-236
    • /
    • 2008
  • This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

Characterization of cadC and cadR Mutants in Mediating the Expression of the Salmonella typhimurium cadBA Operon (Salmonella typhimurium cadBA 오페론의 발현에 관여하는 돌연변이체의 선별 및 그 특성)

  • 방성호;박용근
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
    • /
    • v.37 no.4
    • /
    • pp.259-264
    • /
    • 2001
  • It has been well known that the expression of S. typhimurium cadBA operon requires at least two extracellular signals: low pH and high concentration of lysine. To better understand the nature of pH-dependent and lysine dependent signal transduction, mutants were isolated in JF2238(cadA-lacZ) by Tn10 insertion, spontaneous mutagenesis, and EMS treatment. Two mutants were isolated from JF2238, expressed as a cadA-lacZ operon fusion in various growth conditions, and analyzed to have mutations in cadC, a gene encoding a function necessary for transcriptional activation of cadBA. One isolate (cadC6) conferred pH-independent and lysine-independent cadBA expression and the other(cadC4) showed pH-independent and lysine-dependent cadBA expression. cadR::Tn10 and cadR4 mutants were expressed in the absence of exogenously added lysine. They were also resistant to thiosine and complemented by lysP clone from E. coli. Thus, in the absence of exogenous lysine, cadR is a negative regulator of cadBA expression. Cadaverine, the product of lysine decarboxylation, was shown to inhibit expression of cadA-lacZ fusion in cad $C^+$ cell.

  • PDF

EFFECTS OF LYSINE OR RUMINALLY PROTECTED LYSINE ADMINISTRATION ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN GOATS FED A DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH RUMINALLY PROTECTED METHIONINE

  • Muramatsu, T.;Tsutsumi, K.;Hatano, T.;Hattori, M.;Okumura, J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.6 no.3
    • /
    • pp.325-330
    • /
    • 1993
  • The objectives of the present study were to investigate whether or not dietary lysine addition could improve N balance of female Japanese Saanen goats at 15 to 32 months of age, weighing 31 to 40 kg, fed on a wheat bran-hay cube diet supplemented with methionine, and whether or not ruminally protected lysine supplementation could give as good an N balance performance as lysine in the presence of ruminally protected methionine when given orally to the goats. It was considered from changes in N balance and N utilization that the first-and second-limiting amino acids in the diet were methionine and lysine respectively, under the present experimental conditions. The ruminally protected lysine in addition to the ruminally protected methionine gave no improvement in N balance and N utilization compared with the ruminally protected methionine alone, suggesting that the ruminally protected lysine used in the present study was not effectively utilized by the goats.

Effects of Dietary Lysine and Gamma-linolenic Acid Levels on Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Finishing Pigs

  • Lee, Sung Dae;Jung, Hyun Jung;Park, Jun Cheol;Song, Young Min
    • Journal of agriculture & life science
    • /
    • v.50 no.5
    • /
    • pp.129-137
    • /
    • 2016
  • This study investigated the effect of dietary lysine and gamma-linolenic acid(GLA) levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pigs were provided with feed containing two different levels of lysine(0.45% and 0.75%) with three different levels of gamma-linolenic acid(0.0, 0.3, and 0.6%). Average daily gain(ADG) was significantly lower (p<0.01) in pigs provided with the lower level of lysine. In contrast, feed/gain(p<0.01), diet cost/gain(p<0.05), and intramuscular fat(p<0.01) were all significantly higher in pigs fed the lower level of lysine. Similarly, meat color scores(CIE L*, a*, and b*) and cooking loss were significantly higher(p<0.01) in pigs fed the lower level of lysine, whereas shear force(kg/2.5 inch2)was not affected by dietary lysine. The addition of GLA had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured. The results indicate that providing pigs with 0.45% lysine in their diet may help to increase intramuscular fat content, allowing the industry to produce pork products that meet consumer needs in Korea.

Effects of Dietary Lysine and Energy Levels on Growth Performance and Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Weanling Pigs

  • Kim, Y.W.;Ingale, S.L.;Kim, J.S.;Kim, K.H.;Chae, B.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.24 no.9
    • /
    • pp.1256-1267
    • /
    • 2011
  • Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary lysine and energy level on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 288 weaned pigs (initial BW $5.77{\pm}0.85\;kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (4 replicates per treatment with 18 pigs in each replicate). Experimental diets were fed in the 3 phases: phase I (d 0 to 7), phase II (d 8 to 14) and phase III (d 15 to 28). Isocalorific diets (3,450 kcal/kg) with incremental lysine levels (Phase I: 1.51, 1.61, 1.71 and 1.81; Phase II: 1.35, 1.46, 1.56 and 1.66; Phase III: 1.18, 1.28, 1.39 and 1.49% lysine respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4) were used as treatments. An increase in the dietary lysine levels linearly improved (p<0.05) the ADG and G:F during phases I, II and III as well as overall study period. The ATTD of DM (d 7 and 28) and CP (d 7, 14 and 28) were linearly improved (p<0.05) with increasing dietary lysine levels. ATTD of ash, Ca and P were not affected by dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, 64 weanling pigs (initial BW $4.79{\pm}0.79\;kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (4 replicates per treatment with 4 pigs in each replicate) in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement on the basis of BW. Effects of two levels of energy (high, 3,450 or low, 3,350 kcal/kg) and lysine (high or low; 1.70 or 1.50, 1.55 or 1.35 and 1.40 or 1.20% in phase I, II and III diets, respectively) on performance and ATTD of nutrients were investigated. High energy and lysine diets improved ADG (p<0.05) in pigs during phase I, II and III and overall period (p<0.001), while G:F increased (p<0.05) during phase I and overall period. Pigs fed high lysine diets consumed more (p<0.05) feed during phase III and overall period. Additionally, pigs fed high energy diets had greater (p<0.05) ATTD of GE (d 7 and 14), CP (d 7 and 28) and DM (d 28); whereas, pigs fed high lysine diets had greater (p<0.05) ATTD of GE and CP during d 7, 14 and 28. ATTD of ash, Ca and P remained unaffected (p>0.05) by dietary energy and lysine level. However, there was no energy${\times}$lysine interaction for any of the measured variables. Results obtained in present study suggested that high energy and lysine level improve the growth performance and ATTD of nutrients in weanling pigs.

The Effect of Lysine to Protein Ratio on Growth Performance and Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in Pigs

  • Li, Defa;Xi, Pengbin;Wang, Junxun;Wang, Jitan;Ren, Jiping;Kang, Yufan;Thacker, P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.14 no.9
    • /
    • pp.1282-1289
    • /
    • 2001
  • One feeding trial and two metabolic trials were conducted to investigate the effects of lysine to protein ratio in practical swine diets on growth performance and efficiency of nitrogen retention and utilization in different growing phases. In Trial one (the feeding trial), 90 mixed sex pigs weighing $9.1{\pm}1.4kg$ (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing Black) were used to study the effects of concentrations of 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 6.4 and 7.2 g lysine/100 g CP in diets containing 1.2% lysine on growth performance and serum urea nitrogen. The results showed that feed conversion efficiency and economic efficiency were best for pigs fed the diet containing the lysine concentration of 5.8 g /100 g crude protein. Serum urea nitrogen concentration decreased linearly (p=0.0009) and serum free lysine content increased linearly (p=0.0017) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased from 5.2 to 7.2 g/100 g. In Trials two and three (the metabolic trials), five growing barrows (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing black), with initial body weights of approximately $26{\pm}2.4kg$ and $56.3{\pm}3.5kg$, respectively, were allotted to five dietary treatments according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Trial two contained 5.2, 5.7, 6.1, 6.7 and 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. Trial three contained 4.6, 5.0, 5.6, 6.1 and 6.6 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. The results showed that nitrogen retention in growing pigs decreased linearly (p=0.0011 in Trial two; p=0.0099 in Trial three) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased. The ratio of lysine to protein in diets resulting in maximum nitrogen retention was 5.2 g/100 g and 5.0 g/100 g in Trial two and Trial three, respectively. In Trial two, apparent biological value and gross nitrogen efficiency increased linearly (p=0.0135 and p=0.0192, respectively) as the lysine to protein ratio increased from 5.2 to 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP. In summary, we concluded that the optimal Lysine to Protein Ratios for 8-20 kg and 20-80 kg pigs were 5.8 g/100 g and 5.0 to 5.2 g/100 g, respectively.

Determination of the dietary lysine requirement by measuring plasma free lysine concentrations in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after dorsal aorta cannulation

  • Yun, Hyeonho;Park, Gunjun;Ok, Imho;Katya, Kumar;Hung, Silas SO;Bai, Sungchul C.
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
    • /
    • v.19 no.1
    • /
    • pp.4.1-4.7
    • /
    • 2016
  • This study evaluated the dietary lysine requirement by measuring the plasma free lysine concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss after dorsal aorta cannulation. A basal diet containing 36.6 % crude protein (29.6 % crystalline amino acids mixture, 5 % casein and 2 % gelatin) was formulated to one of the seven L-amino acid based diets containing graded levels of lysine (0.72, 1.12, 1.52, 1.92, 2.32, 2.72 or 3.52 % dry diet). A total of 35 fish averaging $512{\pm}6.8g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were randomly distributed into seven groups with five fish in each group. After 48 h of feed deprivation, each group of fish was fed one of the experimental diets by intubation at 1 % body weight. Blood samples were taken at 0, 5 and 24 h after intubation. Post-prandial plasma free lysine concentrations (PPlys, 5 h after intubation) of fish fed diets containing ${\geq}2.32%$ lysine were higher than those of fish fed diets containing ${\leq}1.92%$ lysine. Post-absorptive free lysine concentrations (PAlys, 24 h after intubation) of fish fed diets containing 2.32 and 3.52 % lysine were higher than those of fish fed diets containing ${\leq}1.52%$ lysine. The brokenline regression analysis on the basis of PPlys and PAlys indicated that the lysine requirement of rainbow trout could be 2.34 and 2.20 % in diet. Therefore, these results strongly suggested that the dietary lysine requirement based on the broken-line model analyses of PPlys and PAlys could be greater than 2.20 % but less than 2.34 % (corresponding to be $6.01%{\leq},but{\leq}6.39%$ in dietary protein basis, respectively) in rainbow trout. Also, these results shown that the quantitative estimation of lysine requirement by using PPlys and PAlys could be an acceptable method in fish.

Determination of Optimal Dietary Sulfur Amino Acids Ratio Relative to Lysine for Growing Barrows and Gilts

  • Chang, W.H.;Kim, J.D.;Kim, S.W.;Xuan, Z.N.;Kim, Y.Y.;Paik, I.K.;Han, In K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.14 no.7
    • /
    • pp.1003-1007
    • /
    • 2001
  • This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary SAA (sulfur-containing amino acids) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content, and to determine the optimal SAA:lysine ratio for growing barrows and gilts. A total of 150 pigs (75 barrows and 75 gilts, Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were assigned to 6 treatments with 5 replicates of 5 pigs per pen. All pigs were fed diets containing either 1.12 (for barrows) or 1.33% (for gilts) dietary lysine with increasing SAA levels (50, 55 and 60% of dietary lysine) in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Throughout the whole experimental period (15 to 54 kg body weight), there was no interaction between sexes and SAA:lysine ratios on ADG, ADFI and FCR. However, increasing the SAA:lysine ratio from 50 to 60% in a diet showed a trend to increase ADG and ADFI of barrows. None of differences in nutrient digestibilities except for calcium and phosphorus were observed and gilts showed higher digestibility of calcium and phosphorus (p<0.05). Among dietary SAA:lysine ratios, there were no differences in apparent nutrient digestibility. Mean values of the essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) digestibilities were higher in gilts than barrows (p<0.01). However, no differences in mean value of EAA, NEAA and TAA digestibilities were observed among dietary SAA:lysine ratios. Between sexes and among SAA:lysine ratios, no significant difference in BUN concentration was observed. This study demonstrated that the optimal inclusion ratio of SAA:lysine was 55% and below 50% in barrows and gilts, respectively.

Studies on the production of lysine by fermentation process (1) -Isolation of lysine producing microorganisms and cultural conditions of lysine accumulation- (발효에 의한 라이신(L-lysine) 생산에 관한 연구(1) -라이신 생산균주의 분리 및 라이신 생산조건의 검토-)

  • Mheen, Tae-Ick;Kwon, Tai-Wan
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
    • /
    • v.3 no.1
    • /
    • pp.68-77
    • /
    • 1971
  • Ninty four strains of lysine producing micro-organisms in culture broth during fermentation have been isolated from soil and other sources. From the comparison of the amounts of lysine produced, 6 strains have been selected as the potentially useful strains, and identified tentatively as Micrococcus sp. (S-16-4), Corynebactcrium sp. (S-27-12, S-281-3, CBY-4) and Brevibacterium sp. (M-6-71, F-629-2), respectively. From the further studies with Corynebacterium sp., S-27-12, its maximum yield was found to be 4mg lysine/ml of synthetic medium, consist of glucose(7.5%), urea(0.6%), $KH_2PO_4(0.2%)$, $Na_2HPO_4(0.05%)$, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O(0.03%)$, $MnSO_4{\cdot}4H_2O(0.001%)$ and $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O(0.0005%)$ at pH 7.2 and $30^{\circ}C$ after 4 days.

  • PDF