• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1386-1390
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• 2009

A dose-response experiment with five lysine levels (0.65, 0.80, 0.95, 1.10, and 1.25%) was conducted to evaluate the lysine requirement of male White Pekin ducklings from 7 to 21 days of age. Two hundred and eighty, 7-day-old, male White Pekin ducklings were allocated to 5 experimental treatments, each containing 8 replicate pens with 7 birds per pen. Feed and water were provided ad libitum from 7 to 21 days of age. At 21 days of age, weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield relative to body weight of ducklings from each pen were all measured. As dietary lysine level increased, weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield of ducklings were all improved significantly (p<0.05). According to broken-line regression analysis, the lysine requirement of male White Pekin ducklings from 7 to 21 days of age for weight gain, feed/gain, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield was 0.84, 0.90, 0.97, and 0.98%, respectively. Considering that Pekin duck production is directed to meat production, the lysine requirement of male starter Pekin ducklings during this period is suggested to be 0.98%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.568-572
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• 2006

The effect of dietary lysine supplementation on the performance of crossbred lactating sows (n = 49, total 92 litters) and suckling piglets during the warm and cool seasons was studied. Sows were randomly allocated to one of two experimental diets, which were fed throughout a 28-day lactation period. Two diets were formulated based on corn-soybean meal with 6% wheat bran, containing 15% crude protein, and with or without 0.25% lysine-HCl supplementation. No interaction was observed between season and dietary lysine supplementation. Dietary lysine supplementation significantly (p<0.05) increased weaning weight (7.11 vs. 6.46 kg) and daily gain (0.20 vs. 0.18 kg) of piglets. During the warm season lactating sows had significantly lower feed intake (3.78 vs. 6.11 kg, p<0.01), higher weight loss (19.81 vs. 9.73 kg, p<0.01) and backfat loss (0.23 vs. 0.06 cm, p<0.01), longer interval from weaning to estrus (9.32 vs. 6.21 days, p<0.05), lower litter weight gain (42.13 vs. 52.90 kg, p<0.01) and lower daily gain (0.17 vs. 0.21 kg, p<0.01) than lactating sows during the cool season. The results indicate that the influences of dietary treatment and season were independent. The 15.0% CP lactation diet with 0.25% lysine-HCl supplementation did not improve the performance of lactating sows and litter piglets, which was impaired by the warm season.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.331-341
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• 2018

L-pipecolic acid is a non-protein amino acid commonly found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. It is a well-known precursor to numerous microbial secondary metabolites and pharmaceuticals, including anticancer agents, immunosuppressants, and several antibiotics. Lysine cyclodeaminase (LCD) catalyzes ${\beta}$-deamination of L-lysine into L-pipecolic acid using ${\beta}$-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. Expression of a human homolog of LCD, ${\mu}$-crystallin, is elevated in prostate cancer patients. To understand the structural features and catalytic mechanisms of LCD, we determined the crystal structures of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis LCD (SpLCD) in (i) a binary complex with $NAD^+$, (ii) a ternary complex with $NAD^+$ and L-pipecolic acid, (iii) a ternary complex with $NAD^+$ and L-proline, and (iv) a ternary complex with $NAD^+$ and L-2,4-diamino butyric acid. The overall structure of SpLCD was similar to that of ornithine cyclodeaminase from Pseudomonas putida. In addition, SpLCD recognized L-lysine, L-ornithine, and L-2,4-diamino butyric acid despite differences in the active site, including differences in hydrogen bonding by Asp236, which corresponds with Asp228 from Pseudomonas putida ornithine cyclodeaminase. The substrate binding pocket of SpLCD allowed substrates smaller than lysine to bind, thus enabling binding to ornithine and L-2,4-diamino butyric acid. Our structural and biochemical data facilitate a detailed understanding of substrate and product recognition, thus providing evidence for a reaction mechanism for SpLCD. The proposed mechanism is unusual in that $NAD^+$ is initially converted into NADH and then reverted back into $NAD^+$ at a late stage of the reaction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1586-1592
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• 2016

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, and encapsulated bacterium in the normal flora of the intestines, mouth, skin, and food, and has decarboxylation activity, which results in generation of diamines (cadaverine, agmatine, and putrescine). However, there is no specific information on the exact mechanism of decarboxylation in K. pnuemoniae. Specifically lysine decarboxylases that generate cadaverine with a wide range of applications has not been shown. Therefore, we performed a functional study of lysine decarboxylases. Enzymatic characteristics such as optimal pH, temperature, and substrates were examined by overexpressing and purifying CadA and LdcC. CadA and LdcC from K. pneumoniae had a preference for L-lysine, and an optimal reaction temperature of 37℃ and an optimal pH of 7. Although the activity of purified CadA from K. pneumoniae was lower than that of CadA from E. coli, the activity of K. pneumoniae CadA in whole cell bioconversion was comparable to that of E. coli CadA, resulting in 90% lysine conversion to cadaverine with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate L-lysine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.217-221
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• 2002

dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (TDPDH) catalyzes the conversion of dTDP-D-glucose to dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose, and requires $NAD^＋$ as a coenzyme for its catalytic activity. The dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase from Streptomyces antibioticus $Tu{\ddot}99$ tightly binds $NAD^＋$ [19]. In order to determine the role of lysine-148 in the $NAD^＋$ binding, the lysine of the dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase from Streptomyces antibioticus $Tu{\ddot}99$ was mutated to various amino acids by site-directed mutagenesis. The catalytic activity of the four mutated enzymes of TDPDH did not recover after addition of $NAD^＋$ . However, the activity of K159A, the mutated enzyme of UDP-D-glucose 4-epimerase (UDPE), recovered after the addition of $NAD^＋$ [15]. Although dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, and UDP-galactose (glucose) 4-epimerase are members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family and the lysine-148 of TDPDH was highly conserved as in UDPE (Lys-159), the function of the lysine-148 of TDPDH was different from that of UDPE. The mutated enzymes showed that the lysine-148 of the dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase played no role in the $NAD^＋$ binding. Accordingly, it is suggested that the lysine-148 of the dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase is involved in the folding of TDPDH.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2017

The expression of Deinococcus radiodurans dr1558 and pprM genes was examined for enhanced lysine production in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum. These genes are known to confer high tolerance to pH and osmotic shock in Escherichia coli. D. radiodurans dr1558 and pprM genes were expressed in C. glutamicum by using 6 synthetic promoters of different strengths, to evaluate the effect of expression efficiency on lysine production. Recombinant C. glutamicum expressing DR1558 under the L26 and I64 promoters showed higher lysine production than that expressing DR1558 under other promoters. Similarly, recombinant C. glutamicum expressing PprM under same promoters (L26 and I64) showed a higher increase in lysine production compared to that expressing PprM under other promoters. In the absence of $CaCO_3$ in the medium, the expression of DR1558 or PprM also increased lysine concentration in C. glutamicum depending on the promoter used. Together, these results suggest that genes involved in radiation tolerance in D. radiodurans can be used to enhance production of amino acids and their derivatives.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.923-931
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of lysine on performance and carcass composition of broilers under heat stress during the grower period (3-6 weeks). A factorial arrangement of three levels of dietary protein (18, 20, and 22%), three levels of dietary lysine (1.26, 1.39, and 1.52%), and two rearing temperature regimens were used in this study. Birds were kept under either moderate temperature ($24{\pm}1^{\circ}C/24h$) or hot cycling temperature ($26-34^{\circ}C/6h$, $34{\pm}1^{\circ}C/12h$, and $34-26^{\circ}C/6h$). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FE), carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (CY), and percentages of breast meat (BM), abdominal fat (AF), drumsticks (DS), and thighs (TH) were determined at the end of experiment. Exposure to high ambient temperature significantly (p<0.05) decreased BW, WG, FI, FE, CW, BM, AF, and increased CY, DS, and TH. High dietary protein significantly (p<0.05) decreased AF and TH, and improved CW only under moderate temperature, resulting in significant (p<0.05) protein by temperature interaction. High dietary lysine significantly (p<0.05) decreased BW, WG, FI, CW, CY and AF, while BM was reduced only when high dietary protein was fed, resulting in significant (p<0.05) protein by lysine interaction. It is concluded that increasing dietary lysine adversely affected broilers' performance and carcass composition irrespective of rearing temperature.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

There is currently no reference for intake of lysine for Chinese people; therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the lysine requirement of Chinese young male adults on a habitual Chinese mixed diet based on the modified indicator amino acid oxidation method. Seven young men with a mean age of $23.7{\pm}2.2$ years that were healthy based on questionnaire, physical examinations and screening tests were evaluated. Subjects were evaluated over five consecutive 7 day periods, during which time they were administered decreasing amounts of lysine via the diet (65, 55, 45, 35, $25mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$). Subjects were allowed to adapt from day 1 to 6 and the isotopes were measured on day 7 in each period. The subjects' body weights, body compositions and plasma proteins were also examined during the study. Amino acid kinetics were measured based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique using the $^{13}CO_2$ release rate and phenylalanine oxidation rate to estimate lysine requirements. Body weights, body compositions, and plasma proteins of subjects did not change significantly relative to those at baseline. The mean and the upper 95% CI of lysine requirements of Chinese habitual diets were determined to be 58.41 and $70.09mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively, based on the $^{13}CO_2$ release rate and 54.28 and $65.14mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively, based on the phenylalanine oxidation rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 1988

Lysine is known as a limiting amino acid in barley and easily inactivated by the browning reaction during processing or storage. The barley powders ground to 120 mesh in particle size were controlled at water activity of 0.44, 0.52, 0.65 and 0.75 by using saturated salt solutions and then stored at 35, 45 $55^{\circ}C$. Another portion of the sample of which the water activities were controlled as same above was stored at 35, 45, and $55^{\circ}C$ alternately with 7days interval. The reaction of available lysine loss in barley powders was found to be first order. The activation energies calculated from Arrhenius plot ranged $6.02{\sim}10.32Kcal/mole$, and $Q_10$ values were between 1.34 and 1.65. These kinetic parameters were used to predict the available lysine loss of barley powders under the fluctuating temperature storage The predicted shelf-life at various water activities tested was a little higher than the actual values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary standard ileal digestible (SID) valine:lysine ratios on performance, intestinal morphology, amino acids of liver and muscle, plasma indices and mRNA expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism enzymes. Methods: A total of 144 crossbred pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) weaned at $28{\pm}4days$ of age ($8.79{\pm}0.02kg$ body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets formulated to provide SID valine:lysine ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of pigs with 6 pigs per pen (3 gilts and 3 barrows) for 28 days. Results: Average daily gain increased quadratically (p<0.05), the villous height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased linearly (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. The concentrations of plasma ${\alpha}-keto$ isovaleric and valine increased linearly (p<0.05), plasma aspartate, asparagine and cysteine decreased (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. An increase in SID lysine:valine levels increased mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase and branched-chain ${\alpha}-keto$ acid dehydrogenase in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using a quadratic model, a SID valine:lysine ratio of 68% was shown to maximize the growth of weaned pigs which is slightly higher than the level recommended by the National Research Council.