• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.583-587
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• 2006

당 및 lysine 혹은 당-lysine 혼합모델 수용액에서 감마선 조사에 의한 갈변도 변화 및 화학적 특성을 연구한 결과 감마선 조사에 의한 비효소적 갈변반응은 당 및 아미노산 단독 환경에서는 일어나지 않았으며, 당-아민 환경에서 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 당-lysine 혼합용액의 감마선 조사에 의한 갈변 반응성은 당의 종류에 따라 다르게 나타났으나, 당의 감소와 갈변도 사이의 상관관계는 없었다. 비환원당인 sucrose는 감마선 조사에 의해 환원력이 생성되었으며, 다른 당에 비해 높은 갈변 반응성을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.521-532
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• 2020

The production performance of broiler breeder hens in response to different levels of total lysine during the early laying period was investigated. A total of 126 Ross 308 parent stock hens were offered one of seven dietary treatments formulating elevated contents of total lysine ranging from 0.55% to 0.79% (0.04 scale; 133 g of feed) from 23 to 29 weeks of age. Each treatment had six replicates with three birds per pen. Body weight was recorded triweekly and eggs were collected and weighted at 9:00 am daily. One hen from each pen was euthanized to collect blood samples and visceral organs were harvested and weighed. Egg production, egg weight and egg mass were lower (p < 0.05) in hens offered a diet containing 0.55% total lysine compared to those fed the diet containing higher total lysine. Hens offered a diet containing 0.71%, 0.75%, and 0.79% total lysine had greater (p = 0.008) egg production rate compared to those offered a diet containing lysine less than 0.71%. The number of total eggs produced tended to be greater (p = 0.083) in hens offered a diet containing 0.71 and 0.75% total lysine compared to the other treatments. The number of settable egg production was higher (p < 0.001) in hens offered a diet contacting 0.79% total lysine compared to those fed the diet containing lower levels of total lysine. The relative weights of oviduct and ovary were lower (p < 0.05) in hens offered a diet containing 0.59% total lysine compared to the other treatments. No difference found in body weight, the number of total eggs, double-yolk eggs and abnormal shell eggs among the treatments. The urea nitrogen, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in plasma were not affected by treatments. Based on linear- and quadratic-plateau models, total lysine requirements for egg production, settable egg production and egg mass at the early laying period were to be 0.73%, 0.77%, and 0.71%, respectively. Modern broiler breeder hens likely require higher total lysine than NRC recommendation in a diet for enhancing productivity during the early-laying period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1785-1793
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• 2008

Fifty-four PIC barrows were used to evaluate the effects of lower dietary lysine content and energy level on carcass characteristics and meat quality in slaughter pigs. Pigs were allotted to one of three treatments by body weight with six replicate pens in each treatment. The dietary treatments for body weights of 20-50 kg, 50-80 kg and 80-90 kg were as follows, respectively: control diet (digestible energy 14.22 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.67 g/MJ, 0.53 g/MJ and 0.42 g/MJ); a low lysine group (digestible energy 14.22 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.49, 0.38 and 0.30 g/MJ); and a low lysine-low energy group or low nutrient group (digestible energy 13.11 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.49, 0.38 and 0.30 g/MJ). The daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were calculated in the overall growth period (nearly 12 weeks). Meanwhile, carcass characteristics and meat quality were evaluated at 60 and 90 kg body weight respectively. During the overall growth trial, lowering dietary lysine and nutrient level both decreased weight gain (p<0.05) and feed efficiency (p<0.01). At 60 kg body weight, decreasing dietary lysine and nutrient level noticeably decreased dressing percentage (p<0.01) and back fat depth at last rib of PIC pigs (p<0.01), but enhanced marbling scores (p<0.10), intramuscular fat content (p<0.10) and water loss rate (p<0.01) of the longissimus dorsi muscle. At 90 kg body weight, lean percentage (p<0.01) was evidently reduced by both lowering lysine content and nutrient level in the diet. However, the shoulder back fat depth (p<0.05) and marbling scores of the loin eye muscle (p<0.05) were increased; Lowering dietary nutrient level could improve back fat depth of 10th rib (p<0.01) and last rib (p<0.01), intramuscular fat content (p<0.10), redness (p<0.01) and water loss rate of the loin eye muscle (p<0.05), but decrease loin area (p<0.05). Finally, when comparing the 60 kg and 90 kg slaughter weights, it was found that the shoulder back fat depth (p<0.01, p<0.10), 6th-7th rib (p<0.01, p<0.01), 10th-rib (p<0.01, p<0.01) and last rib back fat depth (p<0.01, p<0.01) of the low lysine and low nutrient group were all obviously increased comparing with the control group. Taken together, the results showed that decreasing dietary lysine content and nutrient level increased intramuscular fat content and water loss rate of longissimus dorsi muscle; On the other hand, both lowering dietary lysine and nutrient level markedly compensated to increase back fat deposition in the later finishing period (body weight from 60 to 90 kg) in contrast to the control group.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.175-180
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• 1983

Lysine의 analogue인 thialysine은 야생주 Candida utilis NCYC-359의 생육을 강력하게 저해했으며 0.1%에서는 18시간까지 9.5%에서는 24시간까지 본 효모의 유도기를 지연시켰다. thialyssine에 의한 야생주의 생육저해의 회복에 미치는 아미노산 및 비타민의 영향을 조사한 결과 glycine, mthionine, arginine, histidine 그리고 trypphan등은 어느정도 효과가 있었으며 비타민은 거의 효과가 없었다. 특히 최소배지에 L-lysine을 thialysine의 1/8량만 첨가해도 thialysine에 의한 생육저해는 거의 일어나지 많았다. NTC 1회 처리시 thialysine에 대한 내성을 나타내는 빈도를 보면 최소배지에 thialysine 0.1% 첨가시 그 빈도가 0.11%, 0.5%시 0.03%로 나타났으며 이 내성맥리주에 의한 lysine 생산능을 검토한 결과 최소배지에 첨가된 thialyslne의 농도와 lysine생산능과는 뚜렷한 관계가 성립되지 않았으며 NTC를 회복처리하여 균체외로 lysine을 다양 분필 하는(450$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) thialysine 내성맥리주 Candida utilis TRN-4006을 최종적으로 분리선별하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.129-135
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• 1976

대맥(大麥) 16개(個) 품종(品種)(단백질함량(蛋白質含量) 최고(最高) 15.4%에서 최저(最低) 6.1%)의 정맥중(精麥中) amino산(酸)의 조성(組成)과 이들 상호간(相互間) 및 이들과 단백질(蛋白質)과의 상관(相關) 관계(關係)는 다음과 같았다. 1) 제한(制限) amino 산(酸)은 lysine 이었으며 threonine과 tyrosine이 적고 leucine과 phenylalanine이 특히 많은 편이며 필수(必須) amino산(酸) 총량(總量)은 많은 편이다. 2) 단백질(蛋白質)은 단백질당(蛋白質當) amino산(酸) 함량(含量)과의 상관(相關)에서 lysine, arginine, total basic amino acid와 1%수준에서 threonine, alanine 및 aspartic acid와 5%수준에서 유의부상관(有意負相關)을, phenylalanine과 1%수준에서 proline, cystine과 5%수준에서 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 갖는다. 3) Lysine은 arginine 및 aspartic acid가 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보이므로 대맥(大麥)에서도 aspartic acid가 lysine 대사에 관련됨을 시사하며 다수성(多收性) 품종(品種) 또는 다비조건(多肥條件)은 aspartic acid pool을 상대적으로 감소시킬 가능성이 있고 그 결과로 lysine이 적어지는 것같다. 4) Lysine은 색소결합능(色素結合能)(Dye binding capacity)과 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보였다. $(r=0.7377^{**})$ 5) Tryptophan은 histidine, 염기성 amino산총량(酸總量) 및 arginine 과만 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보였다. 6) 필수(必須) amino산(酸) 중(中) lysine, tryptophan, threonine, valine은 같이 증감하며 함황(含黃) amino산(酸)과 방향성(芳香性) amino산(酸) 및 isoleucine, leucine은 이들과 반대로 증감한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.323-326
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• 1992

$Poly({\varepsilon}-carbobenzoxy\;L-lysine)/poly(ethylene oxide)/poly({\varepsilon}-carbobenzoxy\;L-lysine)$ (LEL) block copolymers containing $poly({\varepsilon}-carbobenzoxy\;L-lysine)$ (PCLL) as the A component and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the B component were investigated as drug delivery matrix. PCLL homopolymer and LEL block copolymer microspheres containing anticancer drug, cytarabine, were prepared by a solvent evaporation process and the release patterns of cytarabine from the microspheres were investigated in vitro. The size of PCLL homopolymer and LEL block copolymer microspheres was ranged from $0.2\;{\mu}m$ to $1\;{\mu}m$ in diameter and the shape of the microspheres was almost round. The release pattern of cytarabine from the block copolymer microspheres was dependent on the mole % of PEO of the block copolymers.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2004년도 Annual Meeting BioExibition International Symposium
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• pp.236-241
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• 2004

In Escherichia coli, L-lysine biosynthetic pathway is composed of nine enzymatic reactions. It has been well established that most of the lysine biosynthetic genes are regulated by the lysine availability, even though they are all scattered around the chromosome without forming any multigenic operon structure. However, no transcriptional regulatory mechanism has been identified except for the activation of lysA gene by the LysR. In this study, changes in transcriptome profiles of wild type cells and lysR deletion mutant cells grown in the absence or presence of lysine were investigated by using DNA microarray technique. Microarray data analysis revealed three groups of genes whose expression varies depending on the availability of lysine or LysR or both. To further examine the regulatory patterns of lysine biosynthetic genes, lacZ operon fusions were constructed and their expression was measured under various conditions. Obtained results strongly suggest that there is an additional regulatory mechanism which senses the lysine availability and coordinates gene expression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.939-943
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of straight-run broiler chickens ($Hubbard{\times}Hubbard$) during the period 4-21 (Exp. 1) and 21-40 (Exp. 2) days of age. Experiments were conducted during the summer months (June-August) in open-sided houses, thus exposing chicks to chronic heat stress. Daily min-max temperature averaged $28-40^{\circ}C$ (Exp. 1) and $28-36^{\circ}C$ (Exp. 2). Lysine deficient basal diets were formulated to contain low-nutrient-density, i.e., 2,700 kcal per kg ME, 18.6% CP (Exp. 1), and 2,750 kcal per kg ME, 17.1% CP (Exp. 2), to mimic typical commercial broiler diets used in Pakistan. Diets were supplemented with L-lysine HCl to provide total lysine level ranging from 0.85 to 1.10% (six increments) and 0.72 to 1.02% (six increments), respectively in Exp. 1 and 2. Live performance data were subjected to quadratic analysis and requirement was defined as the level achieving 95% of maximum or minimum values. Lysine requirements were found to be 0.98 and 0.97% total lysine, respectively, for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days, and 0.87% total lysine for both gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age. Calculated on a digestible lysine basis, the estimates were 0.85 and 0.84%, respectively, for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days of age; and 0.75% for gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.175-181
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• 1988

섬유소 기질로부터 L-lysine을 생산할 목적으로 Cellulomonas flavigena에 Brevibacterium flavum 및 Corynebacterium glutamicum을 각각 이속간 원형질체 융합을 하여 융합조건과 융합체의 성질을 조사하였다. 각각의 parental protoplast를 동량으로 혼합한 후 30% PEG 6000으로 3$0^{\circ}C$, 30분간 융합시킨 결과 1.9$\times$$10^{-6}$~2.1$\times$$10^{-6}$의 융합빈도를 얻었고, 134주의 융합체 중 유전적 안정화가 판명되고 CMC 기질로부터 L-lysine 생성능이 인정된 FCB 3 및 FCC 19를 최종 선별하였다. FCB 3 및 FCC 19는 친주보다 DNA 함량이 높을 분 아니라 G＋C 함량도 융합전 친주의 G＋C 총함량의 약 1/2에 해당하여 반수체로서 안정화되어 있었으며, 그리고 친주와 반대로 CMC 자화능이 있어 CMC로부터 L-lysine을 배지 중에 축적하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1108-1113
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• 2015

Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) is an important industrial chemical with a wide range of applications. Although there have been many efforts to produce cadaverine through fermentation, there are not many reports of the direct cadaverine production from lysine using biotransformation. Whole-cell reactions were examined using a recombinant Escherichia coli strain overexpressing the E. coli MG1655 cadA gene, and various parameters were investigated for the whole-cell bioconversion of lysine to cadaverine. A high concentration of lysine resulted in the synthesis of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and it was found to be a critical control factor for the biotransformation of lysine to cadaverine. When 0.025 mM PLP and 1.75 M lysine in 500 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH6) were used, consumption of 91% lysine and conversion of about 80% lysine to cadaverine were successfully achieved.