• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2005

The pellets with multiple drug release system (MDRS) of Diltiazem. HCl which consist of immediate drug release layer, drug reservoir layer and controlled release rate membrane, were prepared by using CF-Coater. As main factors for more effective MDRS of Diltiazem. HCl, ethylcellulose was used for the controlling drug release rate, and diethylphthalate was used for plasticizer, respectively. In vitro evaluation study was performed by comparative dissolution test between our test MDRS and reference Diltiazem. HCl preparation. The physical tests were performed using FT-IR and SEM. In vivo evaluation was also performed by observing the behavior of a plasma drug concentration after oral administration. The bioavailability was determined by analyzing the blood sample after oral administration to healthy, male volunteers once a day. As a result, there were no significant differences in bioequivalence parameters $(AUC_{\infty},\;C_{max},\;t_{1/2})$ between two systems. It might be concluded that our MDRS of Diltiazem. HCl could be an alternative delivery system to reference drug preparation.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.10D no.2
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• pp.247-260
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• 2003

To share and standardize information, especially in the database environments, MDR (Metadata Registry) can be used to integrate various heterogeneous databases within a particular domain. But due to the discrepancies of data element representation between organizations, global information integration is not so easy. And users who are searching integrated information on the Web have limitation to obtain schema information for the underlying source databases. To solve those problems, in this paper, we present a 3-layered Information Integration System (LI2S) based on MDRs and Ontology. The purpose of proposed architecture is to define information integration model, which combine both of the nature of MDRs standard specification and functionality of ontology for the concept and relation. Adopting agent technology to the proposed model plays a key role to support the hierarchical and independent information integration architecture. Ontology is used as for a role of semantic network from which it extracts concept from the user query and the establishment of relationship between MDRs for the data element. (MDR and Knowledge Base are used as for the solution of discrepancies of data element representation between MDRs. Based on this architectural concept, LI2S was designed and implemented.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1067-1073
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• 2006

Cisplatin, a platinum coordinated complex, is a widely used antineoplastic agent for the treatment of metastatic tumors of the testis, metastatic ovarian tumors, lung cancer, advanced bladder cancer and many other solid tumors. The cytotoxic action of the drug is often thought to be associated with its ability to bind DNA to form cisplatin-DNA adducts. The development of resistance to cisplatin during treatment is common and constitutes a major obstacle to the cure of sensitive tumors. Although to understand the clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance, many studies have been aimed at clarifying the biochemical/molecular alterations of cisplatin-resistance cells, these studies did not conclusively identify the basis of cellular resistance to cisplatin. In this review, cisplatin resistance was discussed in terms of the relevant transporters, such as copper transporters (CTRs), organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multi-drug resistance related transporters (MDRs). These transporters seem to be contributed to cisplatin resistance through the reduction of drug accumulation in the cell. Better understanding the mechanism of cisplatin resistance associated with transporters will provide the useful informations for overcoming the cisplatin resistance.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2018

Objectives : This study developed and validated the local clinic Medical Doctor Role Stress Scale(MDRS). Methods : The interviews were conducted with 12 local clinic medical doctors to develop final preliminary questions. The scale was developed using statistical item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis surveys with local clinic medical doctors in Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, and Gyeonggi province. Results : The MDRS developed in this study consisted of 14 items and three factors. The factors were role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload. The three factors explained 56.71% of the total variance, and the internal consistency of this scale was .90. The internal consistency for each factor was .81 ~ .90. Confirmatory factor analysis through a separate sampling met the fit criteria (CFI = .941, TLI = .927, RMSEA = .079, SRMR = .069). Conclusions : The results indicate that this scale is a reliable instrument for assessing local clinic medical doctor role stress.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.639-647
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• 2013

This paper is a methodological research aimed at developing a mental disorder recovery scale (MDRS) and testing its validity and reliability. After three sessions of factor analysis, a total of three factors using an Eigen value of 1.0 or more were drawn. The explanatory power was found to be 58.1%. All the items met the criteria for communality and factor loading with no item removed, and, ultimately, 25 items were selected. Criterion-related validity test showed that Pearson's correlation coefficient was significant at .71 (p<.01) with significant correlation with each factor (p<.01). The reliability test showed that Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was .95 and that Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient for each factor ranged from .87 to .93. MDRS, which was developed in this study and possessing 3 factors and 25 items, had both its validity and reliability confirmed; therefore, the developed scale would be useful to evaluate the recovery of individuals with mental disorder.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2023

Background: As breast tissue expanders consist of metallic materials in the needle guard and ferromagnetic injection port, irradiation can produce radioactivation. Materials and Methods: A CPX4 (Mentor Worldwide LLD) breast tissue expander was exposed using the Versa HD (Elekta) linear accelerator. Two photon energies of 6 and 10 MV-flattening filter free (FFF) beams with 5,000 monitor units (MU) were irradiated to identify the types of radiation. Furthermore, 300 MU with 10 MV-FFF beam was exposed to the CPX4 breast tissue expander by varying the machine dose rates (MDRs) 600, 1,200, and 2,200 MU/min. To assess the instantaneous dose rates (IDRs) solely from the CPX4, a tissue expander was placed outside the treatment room after beam irradiation, and a portable radioisotope identification device was used to identify the types of radiation and measure IDR. Results and Discussion: After 5,000 MU delivery to the CPX4 breast tissue expander, the energy spectrum whose peak energy of 511 keV was found with 10 MV-FFF, while there was no resultant one with 6 MV-FFF. The time of each measurement was 1 minute, and the mean IDRs from the 10 MV-FFF were 0.407, 0.231, and 0.180 μSv/hr for the three successive measurements. Following 10 MV-FFF beam irradiation with 300 MU indicated around the background level from the first measurement regardless of MDRs. Conclusion: As each institute room entry time protocol varies according to the working hours and occupational doses, we suggest an addition of 1 minute from the institutes' own room entry time protocol in patients with CPX4 tissue expander and the case of radiotherapy vaults equipped with a maximum energy of 10 MV photon beams.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.31.2-31.2
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• 2018

미국 유타주 유타사막에 설치된 MDRS(Mars Desert Research Station)는 미국의 비영리기구인 화성학회(The Mars Society)에서 운영하는 화성탐사연구기지다. 화성학회는 1998년 우주비행사, 천문학자, 과학자 4000여명이 모여 만든 비영리연구단체다. 2001년 미국 유타주에 문을 연 MDRS에서는 토양 미생물 검출실험, 태양에너지 조리실험, 영구동토층 연구, 해빙 연구, 드론 정찰 및 지도 작성 등 인류가 화성에 도착했을 때 실제 수행할 연구들을 진행하고 있다. tVN <갈릴레오 : 깨어난 우주> 촬영 차 MDRS에 머물며 과학실험을 수행한 사례를 공유하고 이를 통해 천문학 및 우주탐사에 대한 대중화 방안에 대해 논의해 보고자 한다.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2012

Purpose: To design novel balance tests to assess FAI and evaluate whether these tests are affected by BMI or gender, with the goal of developing reliable FAI assessment tests that are not influenced by these factors. Materials and Methods: Participants included 20 young, healthy volunteers, 12 males and 8 females, with a mean age of $24{\pm}4$ years and a mean BMI of $23{\pm}2.28$. None of the subjects had known ankle instability. The following tests were assessed in each participant: single leg balance (SLB), percentage of leg press (PLP), single leg cycling (SLC), one leg squat (OLS), multiple direction reach-front/back/side (MDR-F/B/S), single leg hop (SLH), two leg jump (TLJ) and side step (SS). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 software program with ANOVA and t-test used. Results: When grouped by BMI, we found that despite differences in BMI, the performances of all subjects were equivalent except for the one-leg-squat test, for which the mean ratios for underweight ($1.69{\pm}0$), normal weight ($1.05{\pm}0.19$), and overweight ($0.93{\pm}0.30$) individuals were significantly different (p=0.02); ratios for SLB (p=0.273), SLC (p=0.903), PLP (p=0.664), MDR-F/B/S (p=0.498, 0.908, and 0.503, respectively), SLH (p=0.332) were not significantly different. When calculated according to gender, we found that the OLS (p=0.013) and MDRS (p=0.034) were significantly different, while parameters for all the remaining tests were not affected. Conclusion: We found that the SLB, PLP, SLC, MDR-F/B, and SLH ratios were unaffected by BMI or sex and, therefore, are reliable parameters for assessing ankle instability.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.432-444
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• 1993

Multidrug resistance(MDR) phenotype is frequently observed in animal and human cancer cell lines selected for in vitro resistance to a single chemotherapeutic agent. It is characterized by the diminished drug accumulation and is related to the drug efflux mechanism in resistant cells. In the present study, adriamycin resistant cells(L1210-$AdR_6$ : $10^{-6}M$ adriamycin, $-AdR_5$ : $10^{-5}M$) and vincristine resistant cells (L1210-$VcR_7$ : $10^{-7}M$ vincristine, $-VcR_6$ : $10^{-6}M$) were produced from mouse lymphoblastic leukemia cell line L1210. Growth profiles of survived cells were observed for 5 days with MTT(thiazolyl blue) assay and resistance was compared with $IC_{50}$(drug concentration of 50% survival reduction in absorbance). Resistant cells proliferated more slowly than sensitive cell. Doubling times were 29.7hr in L1210, 68.7hr in L1210-$AdR_5$ and 58.2hr in $-VcR_6$. MDRs expressed as resistance factor were as follows, L1210-$AdR_5$ was 76.4 times for vincristine, L1210-$VcR_6$ was 96.4 times for adriamycin. The cell membrane proteins with three different M.W. were recognized to be related resistance, 220, 158, and 88 kd in L1210-$AdR_5$, 158, 140 and 88 kd in L1210-$VcR_6$ by SDS-PAG electrophoresis. Cell surface membrane proteins were identified by radio-iodination and autoradiogram, their molecular weights were 158, 72.8, and 42.4 Kd in L1210-$VcR_6$.