• Maritime Security
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.175-214
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• 2020

Previous studies cannot effectively explain the rise of piracy in Somalia and NIgeria. First, there is a lack of explanation for the process that from a small maritime robbery into a org anized pirate g roup. Second, it is difficult to explain the low level of piracy in countries with extreamly poor conditions, from Somalia to Nigeria. In this study, I argue that the more severe foreign countries infringe on economic maritime sovereignty in vulnerable countries, the higher the intensity and frequency of piracy. If the infringement of economic maritime sovereignty caused by foreign groups occurs in a fragile state, the government could not respond to the acts of foreign groups, resulting in increased damage to maritime people, deteriorating the regional economic situation. As hostility grows, a culture favorable to piracy is created, which is actively utilized by local forces to inspire the people's hostility, and a favorable environment for piracy emerges in a way that responds politically to foreign powers. In Somalia and Nigeria, the infringement of economic maritime sovereignty by foreign groups emerged severe. And based on the stagnation of the local economy and hostility toward foreign groups, favorable conditions were formed for piracy, resulting in the rise of piracy. Meanwhile, Somalia's neighbor, one of the most fragile states in the world, Yemen have not suffered piracy. Also, the foreign infringement to the maritime economic sovereignty has rarely been observed.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2012

This study is concerned with the applicable countermeasures for securing safety of ship from piracy attacks. For improvements and countermeasures, we analyzed the recent anti-piracy trends. In spite of international community's various activities for safety navigating, the number of piracy in Gulf of Aden and in the vicinity of Somali waters has been increasing dramatically in the last few years, so has the number of piracy on Korean vessels. In case of piracy attack which based on Somalia, it continues constantly and widely not only near shore, but coastal and oceanic waters. This study figures out the limitations of international community's efforts including military and legal improvements. There are no studies concerning the countermeasures of bridge protection by piracy. This study suggested the additional installation of outside door of bridge as well as the adjustment of piracy operation area(POA) of Korea navy.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

The rising spate of piracy in Nigeria's territorial waters has become a burden on the economic development of the country. It has adversely affected the exportation of crude oil, which is the mainstay of the country's economy. Pirates target and hijack vessels carrying oil and gas, thus reducing the revenue accruable to the country from selling these resources. Piracy also affects the fishing industry which is another source of revenue to the country. Nigeria, as an import dependent country, relies on the importation of finished goods, and this is seriously affected by piracy. This study briefly examines the root causes of piracy in Nigeria. Further, the study interrogates the effects of piracy, identifies the challenges in the suppression of the crime and proffers suggestions toward suppressing the crime in the country. Against this backdrop, the study argues, among other things, that an expansive definition of piracy is key in the fight against this maritime crime in Nigeria, because the present legal regime is restrictive and limited in scope, thus, it does not reflect the modern piratical acts. More importantly, Nigeria must criminalise piracy in its domestic law in other to police its territorial waters, capture and prosecute pirates in its local courts.

• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.123-157
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• 2020

This research focuses on one important type of non-traditional threat, maritime piracy, and tries to supplement previous research from the perspective of military power, especially naval power. When considering the elements of military power, naval power is a core independent variable to explain piracy incidents. Indeed, naval power can play a key role in solving piracy problems, since naval power is the only legitimate force to respond to piracy in the sea. It is natural that well equipped and trained naval power in the sea increases the probability of capturing pirates, which leads to increasing the costs of piracy and decreasing its occurrences. In addition, since naval combatant ships have more impressive weapons than those of pirate boats, just the presence of naval combatant ships could serve to deter piracy incidents in the sea. The main purpose of this research is finding the effectiveness of large multinational naval efforts to deter piracy incidents in Africa. With this research purpose, I analyze 771 piracy incidents that occurred in African states from 2009 to 2014. Furthermore, I include all 33 coastal states in Africa regardless of the experiences of piracy incidents in order to avoid selection bias, which is very common in quantitative-based piracy incidents research. The dependent variable of this research is frequency of maritime piracy incidents for a country-year and the independent variable is the number of multi-national naval warships that operate near Somalia. With this analysis, I find the large number of multi-state naval combatant ships are negatively related to piracy incidents. In other words, as a main means to counteract piracy incidents, multi-state naval combatant ships are conducive to reduce piracy incidents near Somalia, since it increases costs (being captured) of conducting piracy.

• Strategy21
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• s.36
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• pp.150-179
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• 2015

This thesis analyzes Somali piracy as a non-traditional threat to the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC) and international countermeasures to the piracy. In an era of globally interdependent economies, the protection of sea lines and freedom of navigation are prerequisites for the development of states. Since the post-Cold War began in the early 1990s, ocean piracy has emerged as a significant threat to international trade. For instance, in the Malacca Strait which carries 30 percent of the world's trade volume, losses from failed shipping, insurance, plus other subsequent damages were enormous. Until the mid-2000s, navies and coast guards from Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, together with the International Maritime Organization (IMO), conducted anti-piracy operations in the Strait of Malacca. The combined efforts of these three maritime states, through information sharing and with reinforced assets including warships and patrol aircrafts, have successfully made a dent to lower incidents of piracy. Likewise, the United Nations' authorization of multinational forces to operate in Somali waters has pushed interdiction efforts including patrol and escort flotilla support. This along with self-reinforced security measures has successfully helped lower piracy from 75 incidents in 2012 to 15 in 2013. As illustrated, Somali piracy is a direct security threat to the international community and the SLOC which calls for global peacekeeping as a countermeasure. Reconstructing the economy and society to support public safety and stability should be the priority solution. Emphasis should be placed on restoring public peace and jurisdiction for control of piracy as a primary countermeasure.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.431-438
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analyze maritime piracy and its economic implications with particular attention to attacks registered in the Gulf of Aden, The paper also aims to investigate how the International community, along with Sovereign States, should allocate resources in order to make the seas a safer place and describe how closely inter-related maritime piracy, preventive and punitive measures put in place by Governments are. Elements of economics and ergonomics are taken into account in order to properly investigate the major legal issues relating to maritime security. The paper proposes a cost-benefit analysis in order to investigate in theory what is the rationale behind engaging in criminal behavior and recommend some solutions to the issue to be undertaken by the International community. It is concluded that in order to cost effectively fight piracy, a mix of more coordinated National and International laws, standardized and increased punishment levels among jurisdictions and extended patrol controls are needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.133-134
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• 2006

Recently, despite of the effects of international Coordination and cooperation to prevent piracy, piracy is on an increasing trend every year. Such circumstances may have a bad effect on the sound development of world economy by means of trade in sea as well as treat to the safety of crews and safe operation of ships. Finally, Modern maritime piracy has become one of the major threats to safety at sea. We having Cargo-owners or Ship-owners attacked by piracy, it causes enormous economic losses. Therefore, Ship-owners and Cargo-owners insure Cargo Insurance, Hull Insurance and P&I Insurance to indemnity of losses which is caused by piracy. The Purpose of this paper was to explain the losses caused by piracy and studying the limits of the possibility of indemnity in the Cargo Insurance, Hull Insurance and P&I Insurance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.205-207
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analyze maritime piracy and its economic implications with particular attention to attacks registered in the Gulf of Aden, and to investigate in theory what is the rationale behind engaging in criminal behavior. The paper also aims to investigate how the International community along with Sovereign States should allocate resources in order to make the seas a safer place and describe how closely inter-related maritime piracy, preventive and punitive measure put in place by Governments are. Elements of economics and ergonomics are taken into account in order to properly investigate the major legal issues relating to maritime security.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.60-60
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• 2017

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2017