• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2017

Objectives This study was to identify the lifestyle associated with metabolic syndrome and to suggest a personalized health management according to the constitution to prevent disease by metabolic syndrome stage. Methods This study used the data of Korean medicine Data Center (KDC). A total of 8,985 data were searched for subjects who participated in Anseong and Ansan cohorts study from 2009 to 2012. We analyzed 2,602 participants that diagnosed with metabolic syndrome among the ages of 30 to 55. We divided into three groups, none, pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre-MetS), and metabolic syndrome (MetS), according to number of metabolic syndrome elements. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was highest in Taeumin (Pre-MetS: 48.2%, MetS: 41.2%). The risk factors for metabolic syndrome are dietary amount, speed of eating, and sleep quality in Taeumin, and dietary amount and sleep quality in Soyangin. Conclusions The life style affecting the metabolic syndrome were different according to the constitution. It is necessary to manage life style considering the Sasang constitution

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

Pulse pressure is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between pulse pressure and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. The study subjects were 8,439 adults aged 40 to 64 years, who underwent health screening examination from January 2012 to December 2014 at the Health Promotion Center of one hospital in Gyeonggi-do for general health check-up. They include the metabolic syndrome absent group (Absent, n=3,078), the pre-metabolic syndrome group (Pre-MetS, n=4,242) and the metabolic syndrome group (MetS, n=1,119). Progressive increase in pulse pressure was demonstrated for increasing components of the metabolic syndrome (P<0.001). The pulse pressure according to the degree of the metabolic syndrome was higher in the pre-MetS and MetS groups compared to the Absent group (P<0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and abdominal obesity positively correlated with pulse pressure (P<0.001).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.397-403
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• 2007

Objectives: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has recently increased, Payments from the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation for compensation for mortality in workers caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have also increased in Korea in recent years. The association of metabolic syndrome and cardiocerebrovascular disease has been investigated by several researchers in recent studies, This study was conducted in an attempt to characterize the relationship between metabolic syndrome and Korean cardiocerebrovascular disease risk assessment, and to provide basic data to group health practices for the prevention of cardiocerebrovascular disease. Methods: Health examinations were previously conducted for 1526 male researchers at a private laboratory. The prevalence by age and the odds ratio of metabolic syndrome scores into the "cardiocerebrovascular risk group" (sum of low, intermediate, and high risk groups) of the Korean cardiocerebrovascular disease risk assessment were assessed, in an effort to elucidate the associations between metabolic syndrome and cardiocere brovascular disease risk assessment. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and inclusion in the cardiocerebrovascular risk group was 11,7% and 22.1% respectively. The severity of metabolic syndrome and cardiocerebrovascular risk assessment showed that individuals in their 40's and 50's were at higher risk than those in their 30's (p<0,001). The age-adjusted odds ratio of metabolic syndrome to cardiocere brovascular risk group inclusion was 5.6. Conclusions: An active prevention program for cardiocerebrovascular disease needs to begin in the 40's, as the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the risk group of cardiocerebrovascular risk assessment peak in the 40's age group. The odds ratio between metabolic syndrome and the cardiocerebrovascular risk group was high, which indicates that metabolic syndrome scores should be utilized as guidelines during the consultation and behavioral modification program for the workplace prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases in group health practices.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic components in adult women. Methods: The subjects of this study were 12,016 women that were aged twenty years or older and underwent an annual health check-up for National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) from 2009 to 2013. Data including blood pressure, waist circumstance, fasting glucose, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were received from the NHIS. This data was analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic components increased with age. In the five diagnostic components of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of low HDL-C was highest in 20s to 40s. The prevalence of high blood pressure was highest in the people aged fifty or older. The risk of metabolic syndrome in 2013 was higher in women with abnormal diagnostic component of metabolic syndrome in 2009 and highest in women with abnormal waist circumstance in 2009. Conclusion: There was a need to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components according to age. Education on metabolic syndrome was required for those that had one or two abnormal diagnostic components. The risk of abdominal obesity related to metabolic syndrome needs to be emphasized. Moreover the education for management of abdominal obesity also needs to be emphasised.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle in religious women by age and metabolic syndrome status between the metabolic syndrome group and the normal group. Methods: As the subjects for this study, 125 religious women in the city of D, H, S, Y, participated in this study. The diagnostic criterion of metabolic syndrome used was the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher as the religious women got older. The metabolic syndrome group in their forties showed higher waist circumference, triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol than the normal group. Among those in their fifties, the metabolic syndrome group had higher waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol than the normal group. In their sixties, the metabolic syndrome group had higher fasting glucose, triglyceride and systolic blood pressure than the normal group. Conclusion: The metabolic syndrome group in their forties showed that their practice rate of 'trying to avoid stresses at work', 'taking prescription medicines' was low. For those in their fifties, the practice rate of 'reducing overeating' and 'choice of low fat meats' was low. Finally, in the group of those in their sixties, 'reducing fried foods' was low.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.321-340
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• 2022

Objectives: This study established a practical direction for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by evaluating the health status, nutrition intake level, and diet quality according to metabolic syndrome and related drug treatment in Korean adults. Methods: The data from the 2017 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) was analyzed. The analysis included 2,978 adults, classified into the normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome with medicines (MetS-M), and without medicines (MetS-noM) groups. The nutrient intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), and DDS (dietary diversity score) were analyzed. Results: The mean BMI was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the normal group for all subjects. Subjects of the MetS group tended to consume less energy and major nutrients, while males aged 50 ~ 64 and all females showed less intake of nutrients in the MetS-M group. The energy intake ratio was within 55 ~ 65 : 7~ 20 : 15 ~ 30 of KDRI (Korean Dietary Recommended Intake), but the carbohydrate energy ratio of all subjects aged 50 to 64 was over 65%. The NAR of the major nutrients was lower in the MetS-M group, the average INQ was around 0.8, especially the INQ of calcium and vitamin A was less than 1, and the total DDS score was less than 4 points. Conclusions: This study confirmed that the nutrient intake and diet quality differed among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and managed with medical care. The intakes of energy and many nutrients, the quality of diets, and the diversity of food groups in the MetS-M group were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, these will be an important basis for establishing a specific direction of diet education for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome according to gender, age, metabolic syndrome, and drug treatment.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2020

Objectives: This study examined the association of the total diet quality with the incidence risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Methods: Based on a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001 to 2014, data from a total of 5,549 subjects (2,805 men & 2,744 women) aged 40~69 years at the baseline with a total follow-up period of 38,166 person-years were analyzed. The criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel was employed to define metabolic syndrome. The total diet quality was estimated using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome in relation to KHEI quintile groups was calculated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: After adjusting for age, energy intake, income, education, physical activity, smoking, and drinking, the incidence of abdominal obesity and high blood pressure was significantly lower, by approximately 29.7% (P < 0.01) and 25.2% (P < 0.01), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile in men. A significant decreasing trend of the metabolic syndrome incidence was observed across the improving levels of KHEI (HRq5vs.q1: 0.775, 95% CIq5vs.q1: 0.619~0.971, P for trend < 0.01). In women, the incidence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was significantly lower, by approximately 29.8% (P < 0.01) and 22.5% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile adjusting for multiple covariates. On the other hand, the linear trend of metabolic syndrome risk across the KHEI levels did not reach the significance level. Conclusions: A better diet quality can prevent future metabolic syndrome and its certain risk factors among Korean men and women.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.186-196
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• 2009

1. Objectives The risk for cardiovascular diseases increases significantly when multiple risk factors exist, as in the form of metabolic syndrome, compared to a single risk factor. This study was to assess the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome and evaluate the factors associated with metabolic syndrome and Sasang Constitutional Types. 2. Methods 666 subjects(280 men and 386 women), more 40 years old, in a rural community study were examined in point of Sasang Constitution and metabolic syndrome. 3. Results 1) Their Constitutional distribution were Taeeumin 436 persons (65.5%), Soyangin 83 persons (12.5%), Soeumin 147 persons (22.1%) and no Taeyangin diagnosed by PSSC. 2) Body weight, BMI, waist circumstance and hip circumstance were significantly high in Taeeumin group like previous study results. 3) Prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 32.0%, especially 27.1% in men and significantly higher as 35.5% in women than men. 4) In men, prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 1.4% in Soyangin, 2.9% in Soeumin and significantly high as 22.9% in Taeeumin. 5) In women, prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 12.5% in Soyangin, 3.6% in Soeumin and significantly high as 47.6% in Taeeumin. 6) Hazard ratios for metabolic syndrome were 1.14 for women to men, 2.34 for those at the age of 60s to 40s, 1.95 for Soyangin to Soeumin and 3.39 for Taeeumin to Soeumin. 4. Conclusions Sasang Constitutional Type may be an significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome and regimen according to Sasang Constitutional Type is thought to be needed to prevent metabolic syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cataract in a middle-aged men over the age of 40's by using the data from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2010~2012). Methods: The subjects for the analysis were comprised of 5,808 patients who were at least 40 years or more with metabolic syndrome and cataract. The comparison between the metabolic syndrome and ophthalmic diseases according to the health demographic characteristics, health behavior and health conditions was analyzed with ${\chi}^2-test$. The complex samples logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of cataract according to the health demographic characteristics, health behavior and health conditions and the combination of the comprising factors of the metabolic syndrome. Results: After controlling the confounding factors, the odds ratio of cataract in the metabolic syndrome group was OR 1.30, which was significantly high (p<0.01). Furthermore, the odds ratio of cataract was significantly high in the case of males, as the age increased, educational level decreased, with exercising habits of less than 3 days a week, sun exposure of at least 5 hours, with hypertension and diabetes (p<0.01). The results of analyzing the odds ratio for the occurrence of cataract with the components of metabolic syndrome were OR 1.36 (concurrent high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol), OR 1.63 (concurrent high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides, high waist circumference) and OR 1.33 (high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high waist circumference), which showed significantly high odds ratio for cataract occurrence (p<0.05). Conclusions: We come to know that the relation between metabolic syndrome and components are associate with cataract. Therefore the thorough management of metabolic syndrome and components is needed to prevent cataract.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.71-79
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• 2019

Purpose : Several studies suggest that smoking and vitamin D level is a risk factor of metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between smoking status, vitamin D levels and the Korean adult male and female metabolic syndrome. Methods : We assessed 3796 participants aged 19 years and older from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2013, 2014. Smoking statuses were collected from self-reported questionnaires. Subjects were divided into three categories: non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Vitamin D was tested by Radioimmunoassay method and the value of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is an index of vitamin D status in the body, was used. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made using criteria modified NCEP-ATP III. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios between smoking status, vitamin D levels, and metabolic syndrome. Results : The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 23.0 % in men and 15.4 % in women. After adjusting for smoking, the odds ratio for men's metabolic syndrome in current smokers was 1.77 (95 % CI, 1.30~2.41), while for former smokers OR was 1.63 (95 % CI, 1.15~2.31) compared with nonsmokers. After adjustment vitamin D, the odds ratio for women's metabolic syndrome in vitamin D deficiency was 1.44 (95 % CI, 1.11~1.87) compared with normal. Conclusion : Smoking status was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adult males and decreased vitamin D level was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adult females.