• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 1998

Kong chain $\omega$3 & $\omega$6 fatty acids and taurine have been suggested to have structural and /or functional roles in the brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the percentage of fatty acids and taurine concentration in human milk obtained from Korean mothers(n=37) as lactation proceeds from birth to 5wks postpartum , and to determine the correlation between taurine concentration and fatty acid composition in breast milk. Level of fatty acids and taurine in breast milk were measured by GLC and HPLC, respectively. The percentages of medium -chain saturated fatty acids(10 : 0, 12 : 0 & 14: 0) were increased significantly , while percentages of long-chain saturated fatty acids(22 :0 & 24 : 0), and most of the long chain $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids(20 : 3$\omega$6 , 20 :4$\omega$6, 22 :4$\omega$6 , 22 :5$\omega$6, 22 :5$\omega$3 & 22 : 6$\omega$3) were decreased significantly in mature milk (5 wks postpartum ) as compared to the colostrum. Taurine concentrations in colostrum and mature milk from Korean mothers were 549 $\pm$58 and 233 $\pm$41nmol/ml , respectively. Taurine concentrations in human milk was negatively correlated with the percentages of medium -chain saturated fatty acids ( 10 : 0 &12 : 0), and positively correlated with the percentages of long-chain saturated fatty acids( 16 :0, 20 : 0, 22 : 0& 24 : 0) and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids( 20 : 1, 22 : 1 & 24 ; 1). Taurine concentration in human milk was positively correlated with elongation indices of both $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids, and negatively correlated with the desaturation index of $\omega$6 fatty acids. These close relationships between fatty acids compositions and taurine level in human milk are worth pursing further investigation, especially with regard to their common roles in retina and brain development.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.563-573
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the Korean breast milk produced at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum with the infant formula produced in Korea. The content of total lipids of the breast milk was low compared with the other data of Korean as well as foreign breast milk, and the content tended to reduce during the progress of lactation. The composition of fatty acids of the breast milk was characterized by low saturated fatty acids(SFA) and high $\omega$3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially 20:5 and 22:6, so the P/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 rations were high. The formulas had more total lipids, triglycerides(TG) and phospholipids and less cholesterol(CHOL) and free fatty acids than the breast milk. The cholesterol content of the formulas was around 50% of that of the breast milk, so the CHOL/TG ratio was low. Although the formulas varied in fatty acid composition, the formulas had more SFA and $\omega$6 series of PUFA, but less monounsaturated fatty acids and $\omega$3 series of PUFA than the breast milk. This study shows that there are some differences in lipid content and fatty acid composition between breast milk and infant formula. Therefore, further studies needed to investigate the physiological effect of this difference on lipid metabolism of infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1105-1109
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• 2005

The effect of dietary fatty acid supplementation on milk production, milk composition and plasma constituents in dairy cows was examined. Dietary fatty acids including mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid were given to cows from 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after parturition. Weekly gain of daily milk production was increased gradually during early lactation period and reached a plateau at 4 weeks after parturition. Weekly gain of daily milk production in lactating cows received dietary fatty acids was significantly higher than that of cows given a control diet alone. Although milk lactose concentration was slightly decreased by dietary fatty acid supplementation, milk fat and protein were not significantly influenced by dietary fatty acid supplementation. Dietary fatty acids did not affect plasma concentrations of triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose during postpartum. It is suggested that dietary fatty acid supplementation has the potency to enhance energy balance and improve milk yield without any adverse effects on milk composition.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.229-236
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• 2022

Lipidomic analyses of transient breast milk are far more limited than those of other dairy products. As a preliminary analysis of breast milk lipidomes, analytical methods for polar and nonpolar lipids from transient breast milk were developed, and detailed fatty acid profiles were determined in this study. The newly developed methods include solvent fractionation of phospholipids and acyl glycerol, one-pot derivatization to FAMEs and pyridylcarbinol esters, and instrumental analysis, including GC-FID and GC-MS. The results indicate that breast milk contains 16 major common fatty acids with 8-22 carbons. Additionally, 29 minor fatty acids were identified, including odd-numbered fatty acids and branched analogues with 11-23 carbons. Their detailed concentrations in different fractions were measured using the internal standard method. In addition to ordinary fatty acids, breast milk contains several branched fatty acids, including iso/anteiso acids with 15-18 carbons. Structural studies have been performed on selected minor fatty acids via chemical synthesis.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.196-207
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the rheological properties and composition of unsaturated fatty acid of farm butter made from the milk of cows grazing at high mountain pasture in Pyronogchang SKY ranch (above sea level, 935 m). From two groups containing 7 cows each, a group was fed in-door with TMR (total mixed ration) feed and whereas the other group was grazed pastures for 12 h. The daily intake of feed on basis of dry matter (DMI), milk yields, concentration of milk constituents, and fatty acid profile of pasture milk were compared with control TMR milk. In addition, the physiochemical properties and composition of unsaturated fatty acids of the butter were also compared with those of the butter made from control TMR milk. Upon comparison, the health-promoting index (HPI) of fatty acids; the ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids (n-6 to n-3 UFA), the atherogenicity index (AI), and the ratio of linoleic acid to ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (LA to ALA) was apparently improved in farm butter than those of control butter. Thus, it could make the dairy farm visitors to consume the farm butter containing the health-promoting fatty acids from the milk of cows grazing on mountain pasture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.340-346
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• 2010

Buffaloes usually maintain higher body condition and do not produce milk at the cost of their own body reserves under tropical conditions. The mobilization of body reserves for fulfilling the demands of lactation has been extensively studied in dairy cows while limited work is available on this aspect in dairy buffaloes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine variations in milk fatty acid profiles with body condition in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. A total of 24 Nili-Ravi buffaloes within 60 days after parturition, were selected from a private dairy farm in the district of Peshawar. All animals consumed the same diet during the experimental period. A total of 576 raw milk samples were collected for laboratory analysis. The study continued up to 6 months during 2008. Body condition score (BCS), milk yield and composition were recorded once a week. Means for milk fatty acid profile were compared for various levels of BCS. The mean milk yield and fat content were 9.28 kg/d and 5.36%, respectively. The total saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 64.22 g/100 g and the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were 35.79 g/100 g. Of the SFA the highest amount was recorded for $C_{16:0}$, followed by $C_{18:0}$, and $C_{14:0}$. The total sum of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (HCFA, $C_{12:0}$, $C_{14:0}$ and $C_{16:0}$) was 43.33 g/100 g. The concentrations of UFA were greater for moderate BCS followed by poor and highest BCS while SFA showed the opposite trend. The correlation analysis showed that milk yield was negatively affected by BCS and milk fat positively affected, though non-significantly. The present study suggests that Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes produce similar milk to dairy cows regarding availability of cardioprotective fatty acids, with the highest concentration of $C_{18:1\;cis-9}$. Two HCFA ($C_{12:0}$ and $C_{14:0}$) were associated with higher body condition. Buffaloes with moderate body condition yielded milk containing healthier fatty acids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.758-771
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• 1993

This study was conducted longitudinally following the total lipid and cholesterol content, fatty acids composition and Vitamin E content in human milk from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum of 45 lactating Korean mothers. All samples were from well-defined subjects and uniform collection procedures were used. Total lipid concentration increased from 1.98g/dl at 2-5 days to 3.09g/dl at 12 weeks postpartum. However, there was a large variation in the concentration of total lipids. Total cholesterol concentration tended to decrease from 20.68mg/dl at 2-5days to 17.19mg/dl at 12 weeks. In comparison with transitional and mature milk, human colostrum was characterized by a lower percentage of saturated fatty acids including medium chain length fatty acids and a higher percentage of monounsatureated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the P/S and M/S ratios of human milk lipids decreased significanlty during lactation. P/M/S ratio of colostrum changed from 0.38 : 0.84 : 1.00 at 2-5 days to 0.29 : 0.61 : 1.00 at 12 weeks of mature milk. Total tocopherol concentration decreased significantly from 833 ug/dl at 2-5 days to 300 ug/dl at 12 weeks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.700-704
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• 2013

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding medium chain triacylglycerol (MCT) on growth performance, plasma fatty acids, villus height and crypt depth in preweaning piglets. A total of 150 new born piglets were randomly assigned into one of three treatments: i) Control (no MCT); ii) MCT with milk (MCT+milk); iii) MCT without milk (MCT+fasting). Body weight, plasma fatty acid profiles, villus height and crypt depth were measured. Final BW for the Control and MCT+fasting was lower (p<0.05) than MCT+milk. The piglets fed with MCT regardless of milk provision or fasting had greater medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) than the Control. In contrast, the Control had greater long chain fatty acid (LCFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) than the MCT piglets. The piglets fed with MCT regardless of milk provision or fasting had higher villus height for the duodenum and jejunum after 6 h of feeding. Similar observations were found in piglets fed with MCT after 6 and 8 days of treatment. This study showed that feeding MCT to the piglets before weaning improved growth performance, with a greater concentration of MCT in blood plasma as energy source and a greater height of villus in duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 1994

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

Increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in dairy products has been a research Interest due to the potential health benefits resulted from consuming CLA. Attempts were made to obtain high level natural CLA containing fatty acid fractions from milk fat through bovine feeding of sunflower oil (SO) and urea fractionation. SO feeding changed the fatty acid profile of milk fat. increasing the CLA content five-fold at eight weeks of trial. Milk fat obtained from S0-fed cows was hydrolyzed to free fatty acids, which were then fractionated with urea at various ratios. The profiles of fatty acids were also greatly influenced by urea fractionation. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, Including CLA, were concentrated in milk fat after the fractionation, whereas saturated long-chain counterparts were eliminated. The highest level of CLA was achieved by the fractionation at 2:1 urea/fatty acid ratio (UFR2). CLA level was elevated 2.5-fold, and the Cl8:1/C18:0 fatty acid ratio was increased 120 times after the fractionation. The level of CLA in high CLA-milk fat (24mg/g fat) obtained from the feeding study was further increased through urea fractionation up to 52mg/g fat, 10 folds as high as CLA in the control milk fat (5mg/g fat).