• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.266-269
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• 2023

This study aimed to address the increasing demand for technologies preventing mushroom fly damage. By monitoring the annual occurrence patterns of pests over several years and accumulating data, we conducted an analysis to evaluate the efficacy of preventive measures applied before the surge in mushroom fly infestation, typically observed in May. For preemptive control, physical measures involved installing air curtains at cultivation facility entrances and placing sticky traps and insect traps around entry points to block external entry and reduce internal insect density. Additionally, we applied an organic agricultural material, Dalmatian chrysanthemum extract, weekly alongside chemical control measures. To assess the reduction in mushroom fly populations, yellow sticky traps (15×25 cm) were placed at three locations within the mushroom cultivation facility, and the occurrence patterns before and after implementing preventive measures were compared. Compared to conventional practices, the application of preventive techniques resulted in a significant reduction, with a 60% decrease from 15 levels of mushroom flies/m² to 6 levels of mushroom flies/m² in May and a 40% decrease from 10 levels of mushroom flies/m² to 6 levels of mushroom flies/m² in June. While achieving over 50% efficacy during the peak mushroom fly season with preventive measures, we identified complementary actions such as blocking external sources (gaps in cultivation facility doors) and maintaining cleanliness around cultivation facilities (proper disposal of spent substrate) for further improvement. Comprehensive analysis and safety studies, including correlation analysis with contaminants and pathogens, are recommended to ensure the widespread adoption of mushroom fly preventive techniques for safe and stable mushroom production in the agricultural sector.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.345-348
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• 2001

We found that the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, was damaged by the phorid fly, Megaselia tamiladuensis Disney (Diptera: Phoridae). This fly is newly recorded as a pest in Korea. Brief morphological characteristics are described.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 2015

The Mesostigmata is an order of Subclass Acari either parasiting to diverse invertebrates or free-living predatory in terrestrial ecosystem. Phoresy is one of the unique behaviors of wingless arthropod dispersal by attaching winged arthropods. We collected mites attached on the dorsal part of abdomen adult sciarid fly, from mushroom culture. The mites were identified as Arctoseius cetratus Sellnick, 1940 in the family of Ascidae. Arctoseius cetratus has short J2, Z1, Z2, and S1, S2 setae, not reaching the bases of following setae. Posterior half of dorsal shield with longitudinal garland of puncta between J and Z setae, peritremes extending anteriorly to midlevel of coxaII. The genus Arctoseius and species Arctoseius cetratus are the first record in Korea. We provided the detail description of the species including the identification key in the family with some ecological notes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.6 s.93
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• pp.420-423
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• 1999

A Sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali was a serious pest in commercial production of the cultivated mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. It was found in light trap and compost samples taken from mushroom houses during all growing seasons. The fly population 'was increased with the development of mushroom growth, the larvae occurred about 30 days after spawn inoculation in compost. The highest population was developed spring cultivation season (March to June) and decreased during summer season (August to September). The larvae feed on mycellium and compost; injury to the growing mushroom mycellium and the subsequent consumption of the primordia; they entered and tunneld sporospore stem and infect pinhead formation which would be resulted in decrease of mushroom yield.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2002

Biological control against mushroom fly, Lycoriella mali, was performed by using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Bti-D and Bti-U, isolated from dead mushroom fly in oyster mushroom houses. Control values of the bacterial strains Bti-D and Bti-U against L. mali in bottle culture of oyster mushroom were 74.4% and 64.2%, respectively, and the value in small tray culture were 75.8% and 56.8%, respectively. In the experiment to develop the mass, cheap media for Bti-D and Bti-U isolates, the Biji broth (bean curd residue, called Biji in Korean language) was selected as a culture medium for an inexpensive and mass cultivation by the measurement of optical density of the two bacteria grown in the different media tested. Insecticidal effect of the formulation contained different ingredients that were prepared by using the Bti-D strain cultured in the Biji broth was tested in tray and bottle culture of oyster mushroom. The WCS formulation that contained corn starch as bio-gel (86.4%) was more effective to control the mushroom fly than living cells (69.1%) in bottle culture of oyster mushroom. Moreover, insecticidal effect of the WCS formulation was improved when water of pH 8 was used for dilution of the formulation. Effect of the WCS formulation using water of pH 8 and chemicals, Zuron (dimillin) W.P. on the control of mushroom fly and the productivity of oyster mushroom was investigated in tray culture of oyster mushroom. The Zuron W.P. was more effective to control the mushroom fly than the WCS formulation. However, compared with no treatment, the productivity of the mushroom treated with the WCS formulation was improved than that of the mushroom with Zuron W.P.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2015

Mushroom sciarid fly Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), syn. L. mali (Fitch) is one of the most common fly pests affecting the mushroom cultivation in Korea. This study was carried out to investigate the development at different temperatures and damages of L. ingenua in A. bisporus mushroom cultivation. Rearing of mushroom flies were carried out on mycelial culture in Petri dishes. The development of L. ingenua from egg to adult at the temperature of 16, 20, 24, $28^{\circ}C$ were 35.2, 25.8, 23.5, and 22.2 days, respectively. Adult flies invade mushroom farms and oviposit in freshly spawned compost. Damages are mainly caused by the larvae of 1-7 mm, which feed on growing mycelium and also developing stipes and caps of mushrooms. Adult flies spoil the appearance of the fruiting bodies, spread various fungal and bacterial disease, and transmit mites. The damages by mushroom flies increased without pest control causing yield loss of up to 27%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2003

A paedogenetic gall midge, Mycophila speyeri Barnes (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was newly found on the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus Hummer in Korea. Brief morphological characteristics are described.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2002

The study was conducted to isolate and identify insecticidal bacteria for biological control of larvae of mushroom fly, Lycoriella mali, which is one of serious pests to oyster mushrooms during its cultivation period. Among eight bacteria isolated from the soil in the oyster mushroom beds and the dead body of L. mali, two bacteria, Bti-D and Bti-U showed more toxicity with mortality rate than other six-bacteria isolates. The two bacteria showed more toxicity in three instar of the period of development of the mushroom fly than in other instar. Symptoms of the larvae of L. mali infected by the two bacteria developed as follows: at the early infection, the front middle gut changed color to light brown, the middle gut to brown, whole body to black brown, and eventually, the fly died. For the identification of these isolates, cultural and biochemical characteristics by Bergey's manual and Biolog system, cell morphology by TEM, endospore and endotoxin by phase-contrast microscope, and test using 33H antisera were examined. According to the results, these two isolates, Bti-D and Bti-U were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

A green mold species that has not previously been reported in Korea was isolated from oak log beds used for shiitake (Lentinula edodes) cultivation that were infested by mushroom flies. In this study, we identify the mold species as Gliocladium viride (an anamorph of Hypocrea lutea) and describe its mycological properties. The fungus was cottony on both potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), but was colored white on PDA and became yellowish green and brown on CYA. Mycelial growth on PDA attained a diameter of 73 mm at $30^{\circ}C$ after 5 days. The fungus grew faster on malt extract agar (> 80 mm, 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$) compared to CYA and PDA (< 68 mm, 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$). Penicillate conidiophores of the fungus are hyaline, smooth walled, branching above typically in four stages, and $120\sim240\;{\mu}m$ in length. Club-shaped or slender phialides are formed on the metulae. Conidia of the fungus were ovate and elliptic, yellowish brown and green, and $2.5\sim3.0\;{\mu}m\times1.8\sim2.3\;{\mu}m$ in size. Typically, slimy conidia are formed in a mass and colored brown to dark green to almost black. The internal transcribed spacer rDNA and translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences of the fungus isolated here show 99% identity with previously identified G. viride strains.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.219-219
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• 2012